How to calibrate turntable speed

Last UpdatedMarch 5, 2024

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com to find out more information. A tiny turn can make a big difference. PLX-CRSS12 quickstart manual Quick Start Guide EN FR DE IT NL ES PT RU JA (1532 kB) 31/Jul/2023. Turn it clockwise to make the table go faster. Place the strobe disc on the turntable. Jan 22, 2024 · One crucial aspect of turntable calibration is ensuring the speed accuracy. You need to apply the correct amount of downward pres Feb 5, 2020 · A belt drive turntable is exactly what it sounds like. With the platter spinning, watch the bars on the speed disc: - If the speed is correct, the bars will appear to stand still. Here’s how to calibrate the turntable speed: The industry standard for turntable speed tolerance is typically ±0. Balance the Tonearm. In this article, we will guide you through the process of calibrating your turntable to achieve the best possible audio quality and … How to calibrate Oct 10, 2018 · The center holes should line up. Lever 5. Place the Stroboscope disk on the Turntable platter. Attach the new cartridge: Reconnect the color-coded wires, mount the cartridge and re-insert the screws. What the PLX-500 DJ turntable can do. Measurements include: • Vinyl record player speed, including average and minimum/maximum variations. Power ON-OFF/ Volume knob INDICATOR 11. The screw that turns clockwise increases the turntable’s speed while the other one lowers the rate. 2 - 5. Jan 28, 2015 · Adjusting the speed control arm "spring" on Thorens TD-160 Turntable. 305 KB. In … How to calibrate turntable Sep 22, 2022 · The first step in calibrating a turntable is to make sure that your turntable is level. Dec 2, 2015 · Upgrade to join in and upload your own turntable data, go to Settings and make sure you have the Freeze time set then do an RPM session as normal. com/watch?v=nj18DqnN5ms&t=3s, I reviewed the Sony PS-LX300 USB Turntable. “Every turntable will tell you how to adjust the speed in the manual” is simply not true unless you are talking about switching speeds. Purchase Printed Manuals. Of course, you’ll need a turntable to calibrate its speed. Aug 1, 2019 · Fold the belt in two, and measure its size in millimeters before placing it into an empty saucepan. Last step is turning the antiskate control to the same setting as tracking force, or a bit less. Tone arm holder 6. 2. Sometimes there is enough pitch control adjustment to Jul 24, 2021 · Put the arm back in its rest. For the first step, adjust the height of the feet to ensure it’s flat. No matter Feb 21, 2021 · shortest video available on youtube for this specific topic Jan 26, 2024 · To calibrate the alignment of your turntable cartridge, you’re going to need some kind of alignment tool (similar to a ruler) and a screwdriver. However, it's important to note that some high-end turntables aim for even tighter tolerances, with tolerances as low as ±0. So make sure you set the 33 1/3 RPM first. Every single one of these that I have come across over the years the belt tends to be made of some kind of rubber. 2 m / 5. Many turntables are equipped with a speed calibration tool that aids in regulating the rotational velocity of the platter. Now turn the counterweight so that the scale indicates desired tracking force, as specified for the cartridge and stylus you are using. Feb 28, 2016. See full list on vinylchapters. How to Balance a Turntable Tonearm. Belt-driven turntables; Direct-drive turntables; Changing the motor pulley; Maintaining Turntable Speed. The frequency of a 33 1/3 RPM record is 450 Hz and the frequency of a 45 RPM record is 780 Hz. 8% fast (33. ly/GOFUNDAUDIOHOLICSTonight we will be discussing the Fluance RT85 turntable performance and how to properly calibrate it f Jan 18, 2024 · Calibrating the Turntable Speed. If slow on both 33 and 45 it's possible that the belt is just a bit too thin. #3. Aug 16, 2023 · Certain Audio-Technica turntables allow manual platter calibration to fine-tune speed accuracy. Sep 13, 2023 · Incorrect turntable speed calibration. Repeat this whole process for 45 RPM if you want to. Preparing for Calibration. Slide the slider to the desired RPM. Cue the tone arm up so your needle will not touch the disk. All good at 33. Measuring turntable speed the easy way - with the RPM app. It reports my turntable is about 1. App Store Link for RPM Jul 12, 2023 · Here are the steps on how to calibrate turntable speed using a digital tuner: Connect the turntable to the digital tuner. Here’s how you can check and adjust the speed accuracy of your turntable: Verify Speed Settings: Locate the speed selector switch or control on your turntable Jan 18, 2024 · By using the strobe, you can easily calibrate and adjust the turntable’s speed to match the standard, guaranteeing accurate reproduction of the music. 2) Set the anti-skating to “0”, hold the headshell and unclip the tonearm. I do have a laptop (aswell) but still feels a bit complicated. Jan 26, 2024 · Ed Lansink. " Jun 1, 2023 · Adjust Pitch On A Turntable on For direct-drive turntables: 1. Cartridge installation, stylus exchange. It’s important to get your record player flush with the playing surface to get the best calibration. Any input on what to do about either of these problems is greatly appreciated. Basic set up or beginners. And see what comes in the box. Less than a quarter turn for sure. LINE IN jack 7. Once the screws are turned counterclockwise, the speed of the platter will be adjusted. RPM is proud to be recommended by Rega Research Ltd, makers of some of the Apr 16, 2020 · 2. I purchased the app and found that the calibrated results differ from the uncalibrated results. Ensure that the turntable is in good working condition before proceeding with the calibration process. Vertical Tracking Angle (VTA) refers to an area of calibration based on the tonearm’s height that dictates the needle’s angle as it rests in the record groove during playback. Test the RPM speed and wow/flutter accuracy of your turntable, whether 16, 33 1/3, 45, or 78. One reason for this popularity is the turntable’s fully-automatic operation, which allows the user to put on the record, press play, walk away and enjoy the analog sound. If you are using CD players, the same rules apply. Now that figure I used is just an example, but I would say anything in the 3 percent range (faster or slower) is going to be something that you do notice and, in some cases, can be quite jarring. Use a small screwdriver to gently adjust these screws. Getting the right angle results in the stylus reading the groove information better, creating more accurate sound reproduction. In Version 2: Version 2 will display the actual speed on the window, not just the frequency readings. 05% or better. You can use a regular spirit level on both axes, or alternatively a small flat laying “turntable level” that detects both horizontal and vertical axes simultaneously. Adjust the motor speed control (if available) until the dots or lines on the strobe disc appear motionless. Obtain a strobe disc suitable for your turntable’s speed (either 33 1/3 or 45 RPM). Learn how to set up your device and get the most from all of the settings and features. and Sony of Canada Ltd. Proper setup of the turntable is, of course, important, but the AT-LP60 has a fairly simple setup process, so Oct 25, 2016 · It works well and is pretty nice, but at least on my iPhone (5s), it is not very accurate. The rubber mat on the platter is impregnated with anti-static compounds to prevent static electricity build up that can cause Get the most from your PLX-CRSS12. Unscrew and remove the existing cartridge. Downloads. For the singles (45) speed the 15 sec figure is 11 1/4 revs per 15 secs, 45 revs per minute. To do this, you will need a strobe disc or a smartphone app that has a strobe function. Most units come with a turntable speed control knob or slider to adjust the RPMs of the device. When playing a record at 45 RPM the speed is way off. You may need to turn off Auto Stop to allow the May 17, 2023 · Confirm this information either on the turntable’s manual or by checking the markings near the platter. Function knob 9. Summary of Contents for Genie Z-80/60. It is also free for 10 uses and those are not calibrated to the iPhone. Speed Adjustment Screws. Calibrating your turntable involves adjusting various settings to ensure accurate tracking, speed, and overall performance. g. Repeat the adjustment until you get a result very close to 33. Tune the digital tuner to the frequency of the record. 45 RPM adapter 4. There is a motor running things, but it has a belt that then moves your turntable. Install the cartridge into the aluminium headshell, using the appropriate hardware included with your cartridge. Most commonly at 100 (50Hz version) or 120 times a second (60Hz version). It truly is that simple: pick a song, play it out loud, tap the button. The Remote Control Doesn't Work. Adjust the speed of the turntable until the lines on the strobe disc appear to be stationary. Now turn the counterweight scale to indicate zero. 3%, which means the actual speed can deviate by that percentage above or below the target RPM. You’ll then have to turn them clockwise. • Calibrate your phone to ensure the most accurate RPM readings. And now with the Worldwide RPM Turntable Accuracy Database you can research what other RPM users are finding out about their turntable's accuracy and what they think of them. Turn on the turntable and start it spinning. Over time, turntable speed can drift due to various factors, resulting in incorrect playback speed and potential pitch distortion. Instructions (1) Select the correct mains frequency for your country (2) Print out the speed disc to the desired size (3) Cut a 7. If not, flip the page upside down when you print the second side. Follow the guide to set up the deck. A spirit level helps, but you can also use a mobile app ( iOs / Android) as well. I'm pretty sure that my turntable speed is correct. Apr 5, 2022 · Here's a technique, using a sound recording and software, to get the precision of that speed measurement down to 0. Fine speed calibration, where possible is rarely even mentioned in user manuals. Make sure the turntable is connected to a stable power source to maintain consistent speed. Next, heat a kettle of water to the boiling point, and pour the water over the belt. You would do this along with using the speed app to make sure your record player is performing as it should May 22, 2023 · • Calibrate your phone to ensure the most accurate RPM readings. then if you want to fine tune count the no of revs made in a minute, should be 33 1/3 or thereabouts. With our helpful tips, you’ll have the perfect rotations per minute (RPM) for LP playing. With music playing in the background through your system or booth output, put your needle on the record with the turntable stopped. 3) Move the tonearm is if you were to play a record from the beginning. Page 11 Operation General Operation: 1. , 33â…“ RPM for most albums or 45 RPM for singles). Apr 27, 2022 · Place it on a piece of wood or between two tables to access the underneath parts of the turntable. Optimal Sound Quality: Maintaining the correct speed on your turntable is crucial for achieving optimal sound quality. Set the Turntable to the Desired Speed: Adjust the turntable’s speed selector to match the desired speed. 3. Jul 5, 2023 · Here's my video if you are new to a Lenco turntables. 4. Ensure that the anti-skating weight is removed at this point. January 26, 2024. Replacing the Oct 30, 2023 · 1. - click "start" on the app and start the turntable: the app waits 10 seconds in order to have a steady speed, then acquires data for other 10 seconds and displays average, max-min RPM values and Put the felt mat on the top of the platter. Play a record on the turntable. However, they are best suited for casual listening and on-the-go adjustments. You may need to turn off Auto Stop to allow the platter to spin without moving the tonearm. Power off and disconnect your turntable from the mains. Punch a hole in the marked center of the disc and place it over the spindle of your turntable platter. Turntable rotate, 360° boom fully stowed 70 to 100 seconds Turntable rotate, 360° boom fully extended 120 to 140 seconds Drive speed, stowed 40 ft / 5. Remove the mat and place the level directly on the platter, half-way between the outer Nov 7, 2022 · Turntable calibration is a catchall term for the adjustment of the tonearm balance, the cartridge weighting, and the counterweight behind the pivot. Tone arm 10. * If you purchased this turntable in a package that included the cartridge, this has already been done for you. User manual Oct 6, 2022 · I actually always have a lot of fun keeping my turntables and records in good shape. In this video I'm going to adjust the 78rpm Mar 28, 2021 · 1) Hold the tonearm counterweight from the back and turn it clockwise back to “0”. Use a razor blade to carefully cut an X into the center hole. • Wow & Flutter detection for an in-depth analysis of turntable performance. Most records play at either 33 â…“ or 45 RPM depending on their size. Page 1 Service and Repair Manual Serial Number Range Z-80/60 from Z80134592 to This manual includes: Z8016H-6399 Repair procedures from Z80H-6400 Fault Codes Electrical and Hydraulic Schematics For detailed maintenance procedures, refer to the appropriate Maintenance Manual for your machine. A strobe disc is a specially designed disc with intricate patterns that appear to stand still when the turntable is running at the correct speed. I did find that the uncalibrated results of Mar 20, 2009 · Description. A qualified technician can diagnose and calibrate the turntable’s internal components to restore proper speed. A look at an easy way to check a vinyl record player's rotation speed accuracy using an app. The adjustment screws are a set positioned next to each other. In this video, you'll see how to adjust 33, 45, and 78 RPM without any special tools, as well as hear a sound qual In Version 1: To achieve the proper turntable speed, simply play back the test tone on the 33 1/3 TEST LP, adjust the turntable speed until it registers exactly 3150 Hz on the laptop screen. I know abot that one, think I read it here at Steve Hoffman. /45 RPM and that on every fourth turn it jumps up to 46 or a 35 then that could be enough for you to notice it considerably. In the past, the tables I've owned had a knob where I could adjust the speed manually, and a light in order to tell when it's spot on. Turntable speed apps offer a convenient and cost-effective solution for monitoring and adjusting turntable speed. Make sure you have the following items on hand: Turntable. I give a quick tutorial on how to fix the speed problems without sending it into the manufacturer. How to set up your PLX-500. Accessing the ESC Programming Mode. As with all vintage gear it needs work, table came with a SME 3009 series 3 tone arm which wasn’t in very good condition, have spend a small fortune on Ebay buying parts to restore arm, also had to rewire arm wand which I didn’t find easy thing to do Oct 30, 2023 · Professional Calibration: If you are uncomfortable making speed adjustments yourself, consider taking your record player to a professional technician or service center for a thorough calibration. Incorrect speed can result in pitch inaccuracies and affect the overall sound quality of your vinyl records. The platter or disc is marked with dots or lines. RPM Speed & Wow lets you either look at the speed of your turntable, or measure the average speed, min/max variations and wow value. Even after checking and adjusting the belt, cleaning and lubricating the turntable, or replacing the motor, you may still need to fine-tune the speed for optimal performance. 9 sec 12. Oct 1, 2023 · Calibrating the Speed: Use a strobe disc and a strobe light to calibrate the turntable’s speed. On the workbench today, a Crosley Cruiser. Adjusting brake and reverse settings. Optimal Environment: Ensure your turntable is placed on a stable, vibration-free surface, away from heat sources or direct sunlight. Open the top cover as the illustrated follows: 2. In that video, one of the negatives I gav Apr 11, 2023 · 1. Lack of lubrication will cause speed to be slow, never fast. Choose a suitable location. com We’re here to provide an easy-to-follow guide on how to measure and maintain optimal speeds. 01%: Measure turntable speed PRECISELY with a record scratch and computer. Move the tonearm off its rest and adjust the counterweight so that the tonearm balances horizontally. . Nov 23, 2023 · To start calibrating your turntable’s speed, you will need a few tools and materials. This helps identify if the speed fluctuations are due to a calibration issue. Performing all of these calibrations is critical for the overall audio performance of your vinyl player. How does a turntable strobe work? A strobe light flashes rapidly. If you prefer a paper hard copy of a manual listed on this page, you can purchase it from the True Manuals web site. Click and hold the estimate button until the slider stops moving. Safety comes first. Here are some of my guide how to adjust the speed properly. Remove the headshell if your turntable allows you to. Motor Health Check: Test the motor’s health using a multimeter. I love belt drive decks (as well as DD and idlers) but one of the frustrations of maintaining them is that the belt must be the correct thickness or the speed will be off a bit. Gather Your Tools: Before you begin, gather the necessary tools and equipment: Your turntable. Check the stroboscopic platter to make sure the speed is accurate. Speed Measurement Verification: Use an RPM measurement app or tool to measure and verify the speed of the turntable. Apr 12, 2024 · The Fluance RT85N is our favorite turntable under $600 because it’s easy to set up and use, and it sounds great with all types of recordings. Feb 21, 2017 · Here I take a look to see how to fine tune the speed and also test to see how accurate it is any There usually have a setting for 45 and 33 and sometimes 78. A strobe disc (a specialized accessory for turntable pitch calibration) A small screwdriver (for adjusting the turntable’s pitch control) 2. Enter programming mode on the ESC. Another step to further calibrate and improve your device’s sound is to level out the Jul 12, 2023 · A turntable; A bright light source; Steps on How to Calibrate a Turntable with a Strobe Disc. Understand the programming indicators. Repeat the same procedure using the 45 rpm TEST LP. You can always upload from History later too. Pleas Jun 28, 2023 · Accurate speed calibration is essential for enjoying high-quality audio playback on your turntable. Jul 10, 2016 · How to adjust the turntable speed if you record is playing too slow or fast. Confirm the Correct Pitch Setting: Refer to your turntable’s user manual or documentation to confirm In this video, I show you how to test the shutter speed on your vintage camera. Then, by turning the part of the weight with the May 7, 2002 · Use these free strobe discs to check the running speed of your turntable and adjust as neccasary. How To Calibrate Serato DJ Pro. May 28, 2019 · We go over the notorious speed issue with the LP-60. A non-metal screwdriver is recommended for this process. Turntable platter 2. Get an overview of the deck’s high-quality analog sound, its high-torque direct drive system for mixing and scratching, and the USB output for easy digital recording. Nov 1, 2023 · Step 2: Verify the Correct Speed. PLX-CRSS12 manual EN (5158 kB) 31/Jul/2023. If you notice an over-accelerated vinyl playback, it might be due to a glitch or incorrect adjustment in this function. Align the cartridge and recalibrate your system. The app mentions that "The accuracy of your iPhone gyroscope may vary, if in doubt then calibrate on a quality turntable of known rpm. It is no secret that as cameras get old, various parts can start to wear out Feb 25, 2023 · About this app. Fortunately, calibrating the speed of your turntable is a straightforward process that can be done at home with a few basic tools. Turntable spindle 3. When the turntable spins at the correct speed, the stylus can Jun 27, 2023 · Proper calibration of a turntable is essential for optimal playback and preserving the integrity of your vinyl records. The joysticks on this machine utilize digital Hall Effect technology for proportional control. Dec 31, 2023 · 3. Locate the access points for the potentiometers, usually beneath the platter or on the base of the unit. Player parts are too dry Nov 28, 2022 · One of the easiest issues to diagnose is to check if the record player speed selector is set to the correct speed for the record you’re playing. The Best Turntables and Record Players. PLX-CRSS12 addendum Precautions for use EN FR DE IT NL ES PT RU (1119 kB) Feb 10, 2024 · Here’s how to do it: Turn off and unplug your turntable before making any adjustments. Feb 28, 2016 · Super Member. Turn it counter-clockwise to make the table go slower. However, some require performing manual adjustment and relocating the belt that spins the platter. Apr 25, 2018 · In a previous video, https://www. 9 rpm). youtube. Have the CD deck paused or stopped while calibrating. Setting up your Rega Planar 1 Step 1. Notice of Limited Warranty Updates for Sony Electronics Inc. The first step is to verify if your turntable is running at the correct speed. The fix The AT-LP60 turntable is a popular choice for casual listening. Locate the pitch control slider (usually located on the front panel). Conclusion: Maintaining accurate speed is essential for an enjoyable record player Oct 23, 2023 · Conclusion: Accuracy and Convenience. The scale will turn with the counterweight. Power On the Turntable: Turn on your turntable and set it to the correct speed (e. Set the appropriate speed and turn on the turntable. The joystick must be calibrated before the threshold, max-out or ramping can be set. Jun 28, 2023 · Professional Calibration: If the above troubleshooting steps do not resolve the speed issue, it may be necessary to seek professional assistance. Then loosen the cartridge and adjust its position until it’s correct. Adjusting your tonearm tracking force is one of the most important aspects of setting up your turntable. 33. When the speed is accurate, the motion of the marks is "frozen" by the strobe light. Find instruction manuals and brochures for PS-LX310BT. Gather necessary tools and equipment. At the end of the time you will be asked to name your session after which you will have the option to also upload it to the World DB. Then, follow these steps: Simply check the offset angle of the cartridge body against the alignment tool. The first step is to put the counterweight on the end of the tonearm wand. They may be in the form of lines, dots, or a circular pattern, depending on the turntable model. To test and adjust the speed of the turntable using a speed disc you can download the printable Speed Check Disc here: Fluance_50hz_speed_check_disc (For the UK) Fluance_60hz_speed_check_disc (For North America) Jul 30, 2023 · Locate the Strobe: Find the strobe markings on the edge of the turntable platter. To adjust the speed, you’ll need to unscrew the screws. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to calibrate the platter. There are some more detailed finer points for serious hi fi enthusiasts. Let everything soak for five minutes. If the record player’s speed switch isn’t properly set, the music is going to sound too fast or slow. Feb 26, 2020 · Let’s say you have 33. Apr 18, 2009 · Set the turntable's anti-skating dial to zero, then turn the weight on the back of the arm just up until the point the tonearm floats on its own. As you would expect anything that is made with rubber is subject to wear and tear and a Understanding the Basics of RC Car ESC. The Marantz model 6100 features an AC synchronous motor belt drive system, a precision tone arm with anti-skating adjustment, hydraulically damped cueing, and low capacity cables suitable for use with CD4. It uses your device's built-in microphone, so you don't need any additional equipment. Their accuracy can be satisfactory, particularly when used with high-quality devices and proper calibration. Calibrating the turntable speed is a crucial step in ensuring accurate and consistent playback. Using a strobe disc; Using a smartphone app; Using a speed calibration kit; Adjusting Turntable Speed. Speed selector LINE IN 8. Components of an ESC. 25mm hole in the centre for the spindle (4) View the disc under standard tungsten room lamp (5) Bars should appear Jan 18, 2024 · Another effective method of checking and adjusting turntable speed is by using a strobe disc. Compare the measured speed with the desired speed (33â…“ RPM or 45 Nov 1, 2023 · Why is consistent speed important? How does turntable speed affect audio quality? Checking and Calibrating Turntable Speed. 2% or ±0. Place the lamp so the light is shining on the disc and set the speed selector to the speed you want to test. Note that the entire turntable setup process from beginning to end may be found in these popular blog posts: Set up the AT-LP120-USB Turntable Part 1, Part 2 Balancing the tone arm Start with the turntable powered off, and make certain that the counterweight is installed correctly on the rear of the tone arm so that the numbers on the stylus Jun 22, 2018 · I checkout and repair a Technics SL-220 turntable suffering from unstable speed control. site is very much like Ebay . The most essential step to maintaining the right speed for your record is knowing exactly how fast the platter should be turning. May 16, 2019 · Setting up your Rega Planar 1 turntable will be fun and go smoothly if In this video, we will show you step-by-step how to set up a Rega Planar 1 Turntable. A flash illuminates each individual line as it passes. Jul 27, 2017 · Properly balancing and setting the adjustment on your turntable's tonearm weight allows you to set your vertical tracking force in seconds. AnalogMagik. Measure the belt again after you take it out of the hot water, and you’ll note the size difference. Place the strobe disc on the turntable and set the speed to 33 1/3 RPM. Getting this righ About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright May 30, 2019 · Cleaning the speed/pitch control in order to restore proper speed and speed adjustment. Visit www. May also be germane to TD-166 MKII, TD-165, TD-145, TD-146, TD-147, TD-160 Super. 9 sec Drive speed, raised or extended 40 ft / 40 - 45 sec 12. 07/06/2023. If a joystick is disconnected or replaced, it must be calibrated before that particular machine function will operate. Once the lines are stationary, the turntable is calibrated correctly. Here I take a look to see how to Audioholics GoFundMe: https://bit. Perform this procedure with the engine off. If your turntable isn't running at the right speed, simply follow the manufacturer's instructions to adjust the Jul 1, 2012 · Turntable was brought on a site called Trademe here in NZ. 4) The tonearm should be back to its balance point, floating horizontally. Apr 18, 2019 · Setting up your turntable arm for weight and bias . Drag does not increase speed. 2 m / 40 - 45 sec (Drive speed select switch should be set to flat ground mode) Step 4 Jan 26, 2024 · First, choose a replacement cartridge. Read on and learn why getting the RPM right is essential for producing exceptional stereo music quality. Level the turntable. Print and cut out the speed disc that matches the lamp you'll be using. They have a paid version for $15 that has provisions to calibrate the app to the iPhone. Grooved tells you if your turntable is running fast, slow, or perfectly. Some turntables will have speed adjustment screws that let you turn them so that the turntable is spinning at the right speed. Run the app on your phone again to test the new speed. Activate the strobe function on the app or point a light with a frequency Location of Controls Turntable and Function Panel 1. Service manuals yss, user Oct 31, 2009 · At 33 1/3 (LP) speed it should be 8 1/3 (you can gauge the 1/3 roughly) Adjust speed accordingly. Feb 3, 2022 · To do this, you’ll need to block the turntable on a piece of wood or two tables. The starting point for any turntable cartridge setup and calibration is to have the proper turntable s Feb 14, 2016 · A video for people who worry about such things Available for iOS but not sure about Google Android etc For those who don't know, an LP should revolve at Aug 17, 2022 · The other app I have is called “RPM”. 3. 1. gs kw lr dl oq bi yo nf jr cp