Swiftui get system color scheme

dark) //works now If is daylight and color scheme is changed to . 0+ iPadOS 13. This means that if you had a view that you wanted to show in a sheet Apr 28, 2021 · This answer suggests the use of NSColor. The easiest (and probably the best) way is to just add a new Color Set to your Assets. private func getColorScheme() -> ColorScheme {. SwiftUI: How to change default background color. vikingosegundo. colorScheme modifier is a powerful tool provided by SwiftUI that allows you to dynamically adapt your app's appearance based on the user's chosen color scheme. circle. foregroundColor (. You can select a color for the light theme on the box "Any appearance" and a different color on the box "Dark". 3-digit format for shorthand 6-digit format. Here’s how you can do this: var body: some View {. setAppearance() } Now if you test your app, you should be able to set any color scheme, regardless of your system settings. preferredColorScheme() In my case: Text(). The values are in Linear sRGB color space, extended range. Jul 22, 2020 · 1. SwiftUI lets us detect whether dark mode or light mode is currently enabled using the colorScheme environment key. green)) . SwiftUI can load light and dark mode images directly from your asset catalog depending on the user’s current appearance setting, but if you aren’t using an asset catalog – for example if you downloaded the images or generated them locally – you need to do a little extra work. The color for the main background of your interface. init(_ name: String, bundle: Bundle = nil) initializer. lightText) static let darkText = Color(UIColor. 0+ watchOS 8. For a dynamic color, like one you load from an Asset Catalog using init(_:bundle:), or one you create from a dynamic UIKit or AppKit color Jul 16, 2019 · The first view in your hierarchy that uses this method will take precedence. For example, Apple Music's lyrics are always in dark mode behavior (white text color, and white background color when hover) no matter what system color scheme is. Basic Code Sample Text(“Hello”) . For changing the textColor, you should use setTitleTextAttributes for . 0+ macOS 10. This examples shows a view that renders the navigation bar with a blue background and dark color scheme: Dec 10, 2021 · 1. black : Color. preferredColorScheme($0) } } } For a little extra conciseness, you can boil that down even further: In SwiftUI, you use Image(systemName:) to load a system symbol image and Image(_:) to load your custom symbol, as the following code shows: // Create a system symbol image. This is a low-level type, most colors are represented by the Color type. background(. let b = 0. Developer. Note. For example, this will print either “In dark mode” or “In May 24, 2023 · The . selected state and . Using ToggleStyle. darkText) May 3, 2022 · let container: DIContainer. init(self) } typealias RGBA = (red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat) May 21, 2021 · Show activity on this post. colorScheme) var colorScheme You can’t get the phone’s color scheme again. textColor = . The primary and secondary refers to the text colors, which are the UIColor. 1. 7. This ensures that the background color will fill the entire sheet. 4 to use Color Literal: Start typing: let myColor = Color (#colorLiteral (. So it will be like: UISegmentedControl. SwiftUI gives us an environment variable and preferred color scheme modifier to change the color scheme. Add to favorites. Apple. static let primary: Color. Launch Xcode, create a new SwiftUI project, and name it Nov 1, 2021 · If you want to change the color of the indicator or remove the background of the color you can do this: init() {. SwiftUI provides with multiple ways to initialize colors. Oct 22, 2023 · In the above example, the preferredColorScheme(. See full list on nilcoalescing. In this example, we set the navigation bar background color to pink. If you find yourself needing to use the components of a color, you should work with UIColor, and then convert to Color at the time you are ready to display it. Use standard system colors from SwiftUI on iOS, macOS or tvOS. light color schemes. It allows for: Specifying color with or without leading #. This ensures that the app always uses the dark color scheme regardless of the system settings. yellow): We use the . Note that if the function returns nil, the view will be using the color scheme in system settings. After selecting the color be sure to use a closing parentheses after the color. 4) The second extension allows for building a color from a hex string, covering most known formats. unspecified will make the UI respect the system color scheme. Each Indicate the value to read using an EnvironmentValues key path in the property declaration. light) // black tint on status bar. Oct 14, 2021 · You can then load the color set as a SwiftUI Color using the Color. 0+ watchOS 6. - CustomColorScheme. setting . It import and exports: . You can get a CGColor instance from a constant SwiftUI color. xxxBackgroundColor : SwiftUI: Get the Dynamic Background Color (Dark Mode or Light Mode) However, this doesn't quite work for me. May 11, 2022 · It can be used for coloring the text content so that it's color responds to the system mode change in a well manner. resolvedColor(with: UITraitCollection(userInterfaceStyle: . Similarly, if you want to set the preferred color scheme to light, you can use the . environment accepts only . . light. Xcode 13 Visual Editor. You can see from the print output, that the panel's initial backgroundColor is "Catalog color: System windowBackgroundColor". If set to match, the app will respond to system-wide color scheme changes properly. Dec 1, 2022 · If you want to see both light and dark mode side by side, place multiple previews in a group, like this: struct ContentView_Previews: PreviewProvider { static var previews: some View { ForEach(ColorScheme. I created a new ToggleStyle to change the three colors of the Toggle (on color, off color, and the thumb). A simple extension to provide more UIColor: public extension Color {. A simple widget color scheme implementation is also provided. allCases, id: \. pageIndicatorTintColor = UIColor. determining whether the app is in dark mode, by switching on the @AppStorage value. So when you manually change the color scheme of the software itself, @Environment(\. assigning each display mode an integer value (so it can be stored in @AppStorage) setting up the picker to choose between system, dark, and light, and saving the value in UserDefaults. backgroundStyle = . Making your own color in the assets folder will work, but Color(UIColor. light appearance, the status bar will show in black text. May 18, 2021 · In SwiftUI there are a few methods to Color something, for example a Text. swift Jul 22, 2020 · These are the possible options. gtSystemBG) won't (you defined gtSystemBG as a Color, not UIColor ). 19:22. Use Color Sets. swift. Nov 5, 2023 · Hierarchical background styles in SwiftUI. var onColor = Color(UIColor. The color scheme that corresponds to a dark appearance. 4) that makes three rectangles of various NSColor s. Aug 31, 2019 · selectedSegmentTintColor is available since beta 3 for changing the color of the selected segment. var label = "". and an icon will appear. The idea of having a color system, according to me, is to have a single source of truth to define and easily update the colors The preferred color scheme flows up to the nearest container that renders a bar. Apr 2, 2021 · In SwiftUI it’s super fast to detect and determine the current color scheme using the colorScheme environment key as follows: The similarly named colorScheme property indicates the current color scheme, and can be used to apply a different set of configuration in views. preferredColorScheme and call the function as it’s returning an optional color scheme. colorScheme) var colorScheme: ColorScheme. Now that you have the improved color, you can use it: let niceRedColor = ImprovedColor(name: "systemRed", color: UIColor. In the above code, we are setting the preferredColorScheme modifier to our content view and changing it via @State object. greenComponent() Instead, you need to check variable g (the variable you used to create the color): let green = g. If I want to color the Foreground from the Text Green there are the following ways to do it (correct me if I am wrong): . For example, the following creates a text where its background and Feb 25, 2023 · Step 5 - Apply the color scheme in the view. clear, but for some reason it becomes dark. currentPageIndicatorTintColor = . green) . 2-digit format for shades of gray. I've approximated the styling of the stock TAB bar. Text("Hello, SwiftUI!") 1 Color is one of the shape styles, so we can use it as an argument. In UIKit app, If you would like to change the color scheme within the app. } } And use it like MyColor. To get above behaviour in SwiftUI, there are two possible ways which I found. Result: Note: Color Scheme refers system wide color appearance in apple ecosystem i. UIColor also offers properties to specify system-provided colors for UI elements such as labels, text, and buttons. The color picker provides a color well that shows the currently selected color, and displays the larger system color picker that allows users to select a new color. all) // Dynamic Animated Gradient. The color for content layered on top of the main background. font(. Nov 5, 2020 · If you are coding in SwiftUI 2 you can convert your Color to UIColor and use getRed method to get the red, green, blue and alpha components. This library focusing on bringing all the system colors to SwiftUI so you no longer need to write the conversion Feb 16, 2021 · As you haven't included all your code, it's difficult to tell where to put it but on your ScrollView should be enough. automatic [1]. Apr 3, 2023 · I have a picker with "Light", "Dark" and "System" choices. label)) in almost any SwiftUI project. static let systemGroupedBackground = Color(UIColor. Jan 23, 2023 · However, when a view's background is opposite to the app background color (e. 0+ macOS 12. The color for content layered on top of secondary backgrounds. You can create color objects by specifying color component values such as RGB, hue, and saturation. To view swatches of these colors, see System Colors. In the inspector area (right of the screen), select the Attributes Inspector, and set 'Appearances' to 'Any, Light, Dark'. A background material type. Oct 4, 2021 · When it's time to actually fill in pixels with the accent color, SwiftUI looks looks up the current accent color based on accentColor modifiers, asset catalogs, the color scheme, etc. Nov 22, 2020 · 10. ZStack { . Create styles from a design system, make them customizable and adaptive to dark mode. Discussion. frame(maxWidth: . 4. This will allow you to provide a color for all appearances. You are never supposed to extract data back from a View. // Use default background color based on light/dark mode. May 1, 2024 · Color in SwiftUI can be used in various ways to enhance the appearance of your app. systemGreen)) <- I usually Standard content background colors. That said, setting using preferredColorScheme higher up did work so 🤷. But it is declared as open though, so you can do something like: class MyColor: UIColor {. 0. ScrollView {. white) to . colorScheme, . colorScheme) var colorScheme Get the color scheme of your software, not the color scheme of the system. @State var realColorScheme: ColorScheme = . caption) Dec 3, 2019 · Dark mode for custom SwiftUI Color. Starting from iOS 17 we now have new properties, such as Nov 15, 2022 · To use it in SwiftUI: struct TitleView: View { var body: some View { Text("GRADIENTS GAME") . white) . Double click on the icon and the color selection box will appear. For example: ZStack { . You can use UIColor. In this step we just need to add a modifier . Use APIs like Color to apply system colors. dark) did not work, but Text(). If you do not have Xcode yet, you can download and install it from the Mac App Store. Then we can use the named colors Nov 13, 2019 · Some one told me if you put you code in NavagationView, you can use your enviorment to change the scheme. The system color objects adapt automatically to Dark Mode changes when you use the provided UIColor object, but the fixed-shade colors don’t adapt. So for instance, if you have an application that you think might go under various color scheme changes, you can use color sets to name the colors generically, like backgroundColor, foregroundColor, etc. colorScheme(. Sets the color scheme to light mode, dark mode, or matches the system. In the outline view, select the accent color set. Select a well, and set a color by using the Content field in the Attributes inspector. fill") // Create a custom symbol image using an asset in an asset catalog in Xcode. This could be a NavigationView or TabView in iOS, or the root view of a WindowGroup in macOS. Download the completed color scheme from GitHub or create a blank SwiftUI project with Xcode and let’s begin. That means that when you type something in the TextField, the foreground color is white, because the text color in dark mode changes to white, and you can't really see what you are typing. static var tint: TintShapeStyle { get } Available when Self is TintShapeStyle. How do I check to see if dark mode on the device is enabled. Oct 29, 2023 · An alternative way is to detect dark mode by reading UserDefaults with @AppStorage, described here. regularMaterial). The backgrounds of views are the exact opposite. For example, you can create a property that reads the color scheme of the current view using the key path of the colorScheme property: @Environment(\. 52. For the color of the indicator, you can just use the accentColor modifier, and set the color that you want. The mouse picker has a batch mode. environment() on View; Set . dark appearance, the status bar will show in white text. foregroundColor() modifier Feb 4, 2022 · TL;DR is, you can get the light and dark variants using UIColor. secondaryLabel. If I use . But when you're creating your UIColor , it's not pixel-filling time, so SwiftUI hasn't set up the mechanism for getting the correct accent color. systemOrange. Image(systemName: "multiply. resolvedColor() like so: let c = Color(UIColor(named: "hkMagenta")!. 2. cyan. Feb 27, 2024 · I've tried many things like using contentHostingController. 2k 14 139 181. There you can provide different colors for light, dark and default color schemes: Afterwards, just load the Color in your code: extension Color { static let textColor = Color("TextColor") } And that's it! Use the standard color objects when you want to use a specific color shade in your UI. Recognized by Mobile Development Collective. return . Instead, set a color scheme using the preferredColorScheme(_:) modifier, which also propagates the value up through the view hierarchy to the enclosing presentation, like a sheet or a window. Aug 15, 2021 · All of SwiftUI’s built-in colors are adaptive by default, and the same thing is true for all UIColor APIs that are prefixed with system: // SwiftUI. secondarySystemBackground). VStack() {. Create a new folder called Extensions and inside a new Swift file named Color+Extensions. 5, Swift 5. The color scheme can be either light or dark, and you can use this modifier to adjust various visual elements of your app's UI to provide a consistent experience across different Custom color scheme view modifier for SwiftUI. com Dec 1, 2022 · Updated for Xcode 15. white. Use the following code instead, it Oct 1, 2023 · Code Explanation. infinity): We set the frame of the sheet to take up the maximum available width and height. green) var offColor = Color(UIColor. 0+. Reusable Style and Color Scheme. alert() color scheme is still . Got to your Assets. UIPageControl. Because in dark mode the selected item should display with a black text on white background. The color to use for primary content. VStack {. For example, to get the secondary system background we would write the following code: Color(uiColor: . Thanks. ios Jan 10, 2020 · SwiftUI's Color is a View, and the design of the framework is that data flows to a View, which is then displayed. I am looking for the one that blends in with the background. Sep 9, 2019 · One awesome feature in SwiftUI framework is the environment modifier, which provides ability to control environment values on target view. But you might notice a problem if you The actual color values may fluctuate from release to release, based on a variety of environmental variables. SwiftUI updates the value whenever the contrast changes, and redraws views that depend on the value. blue. System fill colors incorporate transparency to allow the background color to show through. A style that reflects the current tint color. From the docs: Use one of the values in ColorScheme with this modifier to set a preferred color scheme for the nearest enclosing presentation, like a popover, a sheet, or a window. preferredColorScheme() on View; Setting . The value that you set overrides the user’s Dark Mode selection for that presentation. And the other advantage of using environmentValue is to change and test light and dark color Jul 29, 2019 · let g = 0. With the help of those you can implement the following extensions: var components: (red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, opacity: CGFloat) {. You can set it at the application level by specifying an accent color in your app’s asset catalog. xcassets) Click + in the Assets Navigator. light option: import SwiftUI. I tried to set . We can either set it to dark or light mode. navigationBar. However, looking at the documentation, it seems like the background function takes in a background. selectedSegmentTintColor = . When adjusting your app’s user interface to match the color scheme, consider also checking the colorSchemeContrast property, which reflects a system Apr 21, 2022 · Programmatically detect dark mode in SwiftUI to display appropriate Image (4 answers) Closed 2 years ago . passing the custom dark mode configuration Jun 22, 2022 · On that Picker we’ll add an onChange modifier to call setAppearance when the user changes the selected appearance. var imageName : String. iOS, iPadOS, macOS, and visionOS also define sets of dynamic system colors that match the color schemes of standard UI components and automatically adapt to both light and dark contexts. Dec 1, 2022 · Updated for Xcode 15. Jun 30, 2022 · Every view, including a status bar, will adapt its color to these changes. #if canImport(UIKit) typealias NativeColor = UIColor. Jul 12, 2022 · I'd like to set the gradient second color to the color of the background. infinity, maxHeight: . There is a new initializer that takes a Color and returns a UIColor for iOS or NSColor for macOS now. dark) // white tint on status bar. Mar 9, 2024 · You will still have to see how to apply your adaptive color scheme, but that how to apply the color if needed. ForEach(0. Aug 3, 2020 · Developer docs for . foregroundColor(. systemBackground. appearance(). Select 'Color Set' and give your new color a name. edgesIgnoringSafeArea(. In the Appearances field, choose the appearances for which you want to specify color values. When I remove the ZStack then it works Apr 9, 2021 · After a long search, I didn't find a way to get a pixel color from an Image in SwiftUI, if someone has a solution or can help me, it would be really nice. If you declare this using @Environment, you can refer to it in your views and they will automatically be reloaded when the color scheme changes. Go to your asset library (Usually images. However, this seems extremely heavy handed and I would much rather use @EnvironmentObject as it seems well suited to this scenario. var colorPalette: ColorPalette {. Color. colorFrom(data: data) {. static let gtSystemBG = Color("GTSystemBackground") /// Color. minimal. Image(systemName: imageName) Text(text). Use this color to fill large shapes, such as input fields, search bars, or buttons. colorScheme) var colorScheme. foregroundColor(Color(UIColor. <5) { _ in. Here is a very simple example. preferredColorScheme(. preferredColorScheme(getPreferredColorScheme()) Jan 11, 2020 · If you set the background color to white because that's the default background color, and you want the system to be able to update it when the user switches to dark mode, change . static let lightText = Color(UIColor. xcassets and create a new Color Set where you can set a color Any Appearance (light mode) and Dark Appearance (Dark Mode). 0+ iPadOS 15. let mycolor = Color(red: r, green: g, b, opacity: o) There is nothing like this: let green = mycolor. By default color picker supports colors with opacity; to disable opacity support, set the supportsOpacity parameter to false. var color : Color. This would work even if your app is only a MenuBarExtra. overrideUserInterfaceStyle = . label and UIColor. Setting unspecified makes the app respects the system-wide color scheme here. white the radient is as expected in light mode. Additional wells appear in the detail area for the appearance options you specify. e. dark, the . If we want to change the color scheme just to a view and not the entire UIColor provides a list of class properties that create adaptable and fixed colors such as blue, green, purple, and more. Color can be used in modifiers to change the background or foreground colors of views, or color can be used as a view itself. label. The user defaults updates a bit more slowly than the @Environment approach above though, from my experience. In my project, I found @Environment(\. 0+ tvOS 13. Don't change colors if you don't need to. Set . For example: let myColor = Color("MyColor") UIColor. struct FloatingAddButton : View {. This is the actual SwiftUI way. Jul 12, 2022 · Add Color Extension. You have to change orange to white to get the same situation as I do, I guess. g. Currently, SwiftUI doesn't provide access to standard system colors, so you can find some sort of color conversion (Color(UIColor. Nov 3, 2023 · I think the build target may be able to override the project setting for Global Accent Color Name, so best to check both. ColorPalette(colorScheme: colorScheme, container: container) // Pass in the color scheme from the current view and use this in the ColorPalette class. Each triggers a color scheme. red) I want to use a custom color for the background instead of Color. iOS 13. dark) did. It’s good practice to follow this project structure when you want to add class extensions. A color that reflects the accent color of the system or app. The color to use for secondary content. colorScheme, ), I am able to update view with correct theme aware named color. In terms of building design system, this ability provides convenient approach to change app's font at root level. Thank you in advance. Save 50% on all our books and bundles! If you simply don't want to mess with UIKit on SwiftUI, or you need to give the color after init: Create your own! and have total style control static var accentColor: Color. let red = Color(0xFF0000) let green = Color(0x00FF00) let translucentMagenta = Color(0xFF00FF, alpha: 0. red) In this example, the text 'Hello' will be in red. SwiftUI. iOS 15. red. mainColor) // <- Custom Color } } To make it better, I searched for other options. Once you have the components you can convert the values to hexa string: var uiColor: UIColor { . So if you want to revert to have it repect the system's scheme, you'd have to set back to this value. environment(\. In this mode the color picker won’t show controls for Aug 1, 2019 · In Xcode 13. e. The value tells you if a standard or increased contrast currently applies to the view. I know it sounds odd, but that's how the framework has been designed. In macOS, SwiftUI applies customization of the accent color only if the user chooses Multicolor under General > Accent color in System Preferences. I thought I could jus get the colorScheme from the environment but I think I'm missing something. The best for me is to use the background color to handle themes. normal state (unselected). By using . 0+ visionOS 1. The "System" triggers the system default scheme, however, it skips the parent Mar 30, 2020 · Next, we need to create a new color set. @main. I need to get the color scheme of the app to give some styles to a button content. init(dynamicProvider:) to create a dynamic UIColor, then wrap it in a SwiftUI Color: Adaptive color in Assets. Setting UserInterfaceStyle object to your root window would help. However, I am not able to retrieve the correct RGB value, from the theme aware named color. self) { ContentView(). 0+ tvOS 15. encodeToData(), let decodedColor = ImprovedColor. } When I have the ZStack right below the var body the it displays everything correctly for iOS, but when I try to open it on iPad OS I get a completely blank screen except for a small button in the top left corner. We can use this to indirectly change the status bar color. I want to check this from within a view and conditionally show or hide a shadow. I believe this will change the color scheme entirely, not just the status Jan 21, 2023 · While using a centralized file for color constants can simplify the process of changing the color scheme of the app, it does not address the issue of other Design elements such as typography Dec 14, 2023 · 1. dark but most of them can only be changed in 1 way and do not update the SwiftUI view color scheme to match with the changes of the Toggle. Use system fill colors for items situated on top of an existing background color. SwiftUI seems to be incomplete compared to what is provided by UIColor. Color sets allow us to correlate names to colors in our application. DisclosureGroup(. . @Environment(\. struct ColoredToggleStyle: ToggleStyle {. For design muggles like me, it has a color theory tool, gradient maker based in a perceptual LAB color space, and 70 peer-reviewed accessible color maps for data to use or fork. For example, the following Text view automatically updates when the user Jun 3, 2019 · 75. dark))) edited Jan 6 at 0:54. Dec 23, 2022 · 2. class var secondarySystemBackground: UIColor. Build a SwiftUI app for iOS 15. var body : some View {. Initializing Colors. Open the Attributes inspector. light mode and dark mode. Note that there are various predefined colors you can use, such as Color The accent color is a broad theme color applied to views and controls. background modifier to set the background color of the sheet to yellow. systemRed) if let data = niceRedColor. purple) In the code snippet above, both text views will have purple color, thanks to the applied . May 26, 2024 · Color. systemGray5) var thumbColor = Color. gtSystemBG) /// Type 'UIColor' has no member 'gtSystemBG'. Apr 24, 2023 · Get the Swift Power Pack to build your iOS career faster, get the Swift Platform Pack to builds apps for macOS, watchOS, and beyond, or get the Swift Plus Pack to learn advanced design patterns, testing skills, and more. var body: some View { NavigationView{ //Your view here }} let contentView = ContentView() contentView. You'd need to do a bit of refinement to look exactly the same if that's important for your use case. So how do I get the background color? Jul 14, 2023 · For instance, you can set a default text color that will be applied across multiple views. orange ) // UIKit. xcassets, Swift, hex, literals, and macOS color lists. var body: some View {. Resolved is a set of RGBA values that represent a color that can be shown. Although the above labels will always have an orange text color, the exact shade of orange that’s used will vary Mar 14, 2022 · Select the new item on the list called "Color" (you can change the name if you want, like "NameOfTheColorCreated") and open the attributes on the Inspector column, on the right side of the screen. The following is a code example from widget extension. You cannot modify it directly systemBackground because it is declared as a read-only class property. Aug 28, 2020 · VStack{ Text("Something") } . Take a look at Sep 15, 2019 · 1. withAlphaComponent(1) UIPageControl. Here's some test code (Xcode 12. Leaving this field empty will default to . You can condition a view’s content on the associated value You receive a contrast value when you read the colorSchemeContrast environment value. foregroundColor(Color. Inside the file, we will create static constants for all the colors we created in the Assets Catalog as an extension to the Color class. This includes colors you create from a Core Graphics color, from RGB or HSB components, or from constant UIKit and AppKit colors. class var tertiarySystemBackground: UIColor. 15+ Mac Catalyst 13. Pass in a value of nil to match the current system’s color scheme. background(Color. dark) modifier is applied to the ContentView view. shared. var text : String. If we set it . Sep 22, 2020 · Basically, what you are doing is. Aug 4, 2022 · Since we want to change the color for a navigation bar, we will set this to . 0+ Mac Catalyst 13. Aug 20, 2023 · Use the color. systemBackground)) (umayanga's answer). Photo by Victor Garcia on Unsplash. use picture background), I need exactly what that color in the other color scheme. onChange(of: appAppearance) { _ in AppearanceController. override class var systemBackground: UIColor {. Jul 26, 2022 · To follow along and get the best out of this tutorial, install Xcode on your Mac. Text("Hello, SwiftUI!") Text("Mastering SwiftUI") . background(Color(UIColor. systemRed. How to set the background of a View in Dec 3, 2020 · Text views in SwiftUI by default will automatically be black in light mode and white in dark mode. Before iOS 17 to get hierarchical system background colors in SwiftUI we usually had to convert them from UIColor. So can't really use it for my app expectations. dark and . customTitleText(size: 30) . light includind the TextField . Dark colors in SwiftUi Mac. nq so dr nr tg sf ah da xn fr