8%, 15. This type of dog diarrhea is often watery and can be caused by food intolerance, sudden changes in diet, or bacterial overgrowth. Decrease of small intestinal absorption by more than 50% will May 26, 2024 · One approach is to follow the BRAT diet, which stands for bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. Apr 30, 2024 · Types of Diarrhea. typhi, paratyphi A, B, and C mainly cause enteric fever, and in the late stage, these patients develop diarrhea. It is a common problem. This article discusses what to eat after diarrhea. Acute bloody diarrhea, also called dysentery diarrhea or simply dysentery. The types of diarrhea were acute watery diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea in 74. A simplified 5-step approach to the patient with diarrhea is provided and applied in a case-oriented manner applicable to everyday clinical practice. This can lead to upset stomach, vomiting, a feeling of fullness and loss of appetite. Hair loss. Epidemiology. Whole grains, nuts, and seeds are great for easing constipation but should be avoided if you have diarrhea. “post-cholecystectomy syndrome” can cause diarrhea, bloating, indigestion, stomach gurgling, and loud noises. May 11, 2018 · The primary symptom of osmotic diarrhea is loose and watery bowel movements. ) Inflammatory bowel disease — The two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. paratyphi causes enteric fever and diarrhea. Drain, saving the water, and let cool. Both result in the release of loose and watery stools, usually at least three times in a single 24-hour period. Acute diarrhea is transient — lasting for just a day or two, though sometimes as long as two weeks. [1][2] Diarrhea is among the most common medical conditions, and mild occurrences may not require medical attention. However, research continues to reveal that IBS isn’t one single disease, but is likely connected to other underlying medical Nov 12, 2020 · Dehydration. Exposure to certain bacteria, such as E. chronic diarrhea lasts > 4 weeks and is often caused by underlying conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or fat malabsorption. . May 26, 2024 · Rice: White rice is low in fiber and easier to digest than high-fiber grains like brown rice and other whole grains. Poop that looks like type 1 or 2 is likely a sign of constipation. bacterial infections, including Salmonella and E. The human colon is capable of absorbing 3 to 5 L per 24 h, but decreased small intestinal absorption of 8 to 10 L of daily fluid can exceed this colonic capacity. Medications: in chronic cases, the veterinarian may give cat Diarrhea is mainly caused by abnormal fluid and electrolyte transport by decreased absorption or increased secretion. This most common type lasts a couple of days at the most and usually gets better without treatment. Some children with a shigella infection have seizures. Common treatment for a cat experiencing symptoms of diarrhea include: Diet changes: a change in your cat's diet may be enough for mild diarrhea. There are four types of lactose intolerance, and they all have different causes. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and sugary drinks when you have diarrhea. Bacteria and parasites. The infection with the bacteria causes symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and pain in the abdomen. It can be divided into three basic categories: watery, fatty Diarrhea is an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. When you have diarrhea, the foods you eat and avoid can be critical to a quicker recovery. This happens in about 40% of cases, but it may happen off and on rather than consistently. A person may have mild to severe diarrhea . Infection most commonly causes acute diarrhea. Some types of exercise can cause diarrhea. As a result, they have diarrhea, gas and bloating after eating or drinking dairy products. If parasites are the cause, a doctor may give you an antiparasite drug. Large intestinal diarrhea. Watery diarrhea means that you have liquid stools. The duration of the illness may help you, and your vet better understand whether this is a short-term concern or a longer-term health concern to be watched and treated. Causes include blood loss, fluid loss, severe allergic reaction, severe reaction to an infection, heart attack, and spinal cord Certain viruses infect cells in the lining of the small intestine where they multiply and cause watery diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. Oct 27, 2022 · Diarrhea can be caused by a number of factors. " Most people with this get better on their own. 2. Diarrhea is an increase in the volume of stool or frequency of defecation. The goal is to ensure you get enough nutrients, without further aggravating your digestive tract. Common types of fiber found in supplements include: Acacia gum. Applesauce: Unlike whole, raw apples, applesauce is broken down into an easy-to Aug 1, 2023 · A few causes of your chronic diarrhea that may be considered include: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can cause intermittent, chronic diarrhea. Symptoms: You might have: Considerable weight loss; Diarrhea This type of diarrhea can be caused by many diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as triamterene or amiloride. Acute diarrhea is defined as an episode lasting less than two weeks. Making note of the duration of your cat’s diarrhea will help your vet diagnose and treat your cat more effectively. Diarrhea caused by an infection usually begins 12 hours to four days after exposure and resolves within three to seven days. These symptoms come from undigested lactose in your large intestine. Jun 26, 2022 · Medical treatment for watery diarrhea focuses on identifying and addressing the root cause. Type 2 BAM is also known as “idiopathic” BAM and manifests clinically as functional diarrhea or IBS-D, since most of these patients have no defect in bile acid absorption. For many people, diarrhea represents an Diarrhea occurs when unabsorbable, water-soluble solutes remain in the bowel and retain water. The most common causes of acute and persistent diarrhea are infections, travelers’ diarrhea, and side effects of medicines. Diarrhea that lasts more than 4 weeks is "chronic Diarrhea is an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. Feb 1, 2024 · What are the four types of diarrhea? Diarrhea may be classified into four categories: Acute diarrhea is when diarrhea lasts less than 2 weeks. The frequency of bowel movements alone is not the defining feature of diarrhea. Viral infections, including norovirus and rotavirus Dec 7, 2021 · Ideally, a child’s bowel movement resembles type nos. This is a common reason for diarrhea. Herbal Teas. Mar 15, 2024 · Constipation, serious diarrhea or both. Persistent diarrhea can last up to four weeks; Acute bloody diarrhea, also called dysentery, is more serious and requires a doctor’s visit; Chronic diarrhea involves diarrhea lasting for more than four weeks. Diarrhea lasting more than a few days may be a sign of a more serious problem. This severe type of diarrhea can result from infection, food intolerance, or certain medications, among other causes. Flaxseed. nausea. 3 or 4 and passes easily without being too watery, says Dr. Other symptoms you might experience are: stomach pain. 1. May 11, 2023 · Foods to eat when you have diarrhea. Mar 5, 2022 · People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the sugar (lactose) in milk. Molina. Chronic diarrhea may regularly come and go over a long period of time. Feb 17, 2022 · Various types of fresh produce (imported berries, lettuce, basil) E. This is where BRAT foods come in. Osmotic diarrhea is characterized by loose stools caused by substances that the stomach is unable to absorb. Sep 20, 2023 · The various types of diarrhea are often dependent on what causes digestive upset resulting in a change in bowel movement. This symptom happens often, even in acute cases. Just like there are lots of types of poop, there are lots of types of Diarrhea, defined as three or more loose stools per day or more frequent stool passage than is normal for the individual, is a common disease with a monthly prevalence of around 5% in the United States. Antidiarrheals only relieve the symptoms of diarrhea, such as an increased frequency and urgency when passing stools, they do not eliminate the cause of it. Acute diarrhoea may last for 2 or 3 days, but not more than a week. May 9, 2024 · Treating Diarrhea Symptoms in Cats. Jul 19, 2022 · What causes diarrhea? There are two overarching types of diarrhea — acute and chronic. The late type of post-cholecystectomy syndrome can continue to cause symptoms for months or years after the operation . Stool that looks like types 5, 6 or 7 are likely signs of diarrhea. Antidiarrheals are the name given to certain types of medicines that stop or slow diarrhea. Four types of viruses cause gastroenteritis: norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and enteric (intestinal) adenovirus. acute diarrhea is characterized by acute onset of >3 bowel movements/day lasting <14 days and is often caused by infection. Diarrhoea is classified into two types, namely-. Some drinks can make diarrhea worse. To help treat diarrhea, Nov 23, 2023 · Low blood pressure and a change in mental state, such as confusion, sleepiness, or unconsciousness, are common signs or symptoms of shock. Nov 27, 2020 · However, if you can’t get your hands on that right away you can try some natural yogurt. Our bodies typically stop making lactase by Aug 14, 2023 · Causes, Treatments, and When to Call a Healthcare Provider. Rotavirus Aug 11, 2023 · Diarrhea that doesn't improve after 24 hours. Jul 5, 2023 · Key takeaways: Diarrhea causes fluid and electrolyte losses that can lead to dehydration. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound (1/2 kilogram) of stool a day, but the stool Jun 1, 2012 · The evaluation of the patient with diarrhea can be complex and the treatment challenging. Oct 16, 2023 · boost vitamin D absorption. 1% of the study subjects, respectively. This type of dog diarrhea is typically more frequent and may be Sep 26, 2022 · Overview. parasitic infections Medications to reduce diarrhoea, such as loperamide, are available. After your cat is examined and the cause determined, your vet will suggest the appropriate treatment. Invasive diarrhea, or dysentery, is defined as diarrhea with visible blood Dec 7, 2021 · abdominal pain. Nope. May 30, 2022 · 4. It affects the last section of the small intestine, known as the ileum, and the colon. A fever of more than 102 F (39 C). A sunken appearance to the abdomen, eyes or cheeks. However, these are not usually necessary. The most common causes of diarrhea include: Infection Three types of infections cause diarrhea. Nov 21, 2022 · Diarrhea is categorized into acute or chronic and infectious or non-infectious based on the duration and type of symptoms. Diarrhea, stomach pain, rectal bleeding, fever, and weight loss may occur for weeks or months, often resolving for a period of time before recurring. Causes include viral infections, like norovirus, and bacterial infections, like Clostridioides difficile. In actual diarrhea there is three to four watery and explosive stool per day. Most diarrhea goes away on its own within 4 days, and finding the cause is not necessary. Unusually sleepy, drowsy, unresponsive or irritable. Once the vomiting has lessened, slowly return to your child's usual diet. Problems getting an erection or trouble ejaculating. Electrolyte solutions should be given in small amounts, often until the vomiting stops. Viruses: – Rotavirus is one of the major culprits that cause Diarrhea and others, including cytomegalovirus, Norwalk virus, and viral hepatitis. There are two types of diarrhea, specified below: Acute Diarrhea. Most types of medication should not be given to children. The condition, which is also called lactose malabsorption, is usually harmless, but its symptoms can be uncomfortable. Oct 1, 2021 · Loss of appetite. Mar 7, 2024 · Diarrhea, which refers to unusually loose or watery stools, is a common problem with many potential causes. It can be caused by infections. On completion of this article, you This type of diarrhea includes cholera. coli or parasites through contaminated food or water, leads to diarrhea. Chronic diarrhea is when diarrhea lasts longer than 4 Aug 14, 2022 · This is the most common type of Crohn's disease. When inflammation is found throughout the colon, it is called pancolitis. Too little of an enzyme produced in your small Sep 7, 2019 · Diarrhea is arbitrarily defined as passing of excessively loose (liquid or semiliquid) stools with increased frequency (≥3 per day) and/or increased volume (200-250 g per day). Jul 3, 2022 · Types of diarrhea in cats. Most cases are the result of a viral infection, and the course is self-limited. It usually lasts about one or two days, but it may last longer. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea of ≤14 days in duration, in contrast to persistent (>14 days and ≤30 days) or chronic (>30 days) diarrhea. Causes of Diarrhea. Mechanisms: 1) Impaired absorption from the small or large intestine caused by: a) Loss of mucosal surface or damage to the epithelial absorption mechanism. In the late stages of this condition, bloody diarrhea is more common. Diarrhea. In this Oct 17, 2023 · Bacterial gastroenteritis is an infection in the digestive system caused by a bacteria (germ). The symptoms can include bloody diarrhea, weight loss, lack of appetite, abdominal cramping, and abdominal pain that can be severe. 1 Common causes Jul 2, 2024 · According to the World Health Organization, there are 3 types of diarrhea depending on its severity: Acute watery diarrhea, lasting several hours or days. An example of this is cholera. If cancer blocks the passage of stool, it usually causes constipation. Diarrhea in cats can be classified as being either acute or chronic. Signs and symptoms include lightheadedness, dizziness, lack of tears in children, sunken eyes and dry diapers. For example, if bacteria are the cause, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Slow emptying of the stomach, called gastroparesis. Diarrhea may also be accompanied by the following symptoms: Bowel urgency. Persistent diarrhea, lasting 14 days or more. Diarrhea occurs when unabsorbable, water-soluble solutes remain in the bowel and retain water. Colon cancer: Colon cancer can cause either diarrhea or constipation. Mar 26, 2024 · Acute diarrhea is defined as three or more loose or watery stools per day. Read further information about managing diarrhoea, including what to eat and drink. Here are some common types of dog diarrhea and what they might mean: Small intestinal diarrhea. No wet diaper in three or more hours. Primary lactose intolerance is the most common form. coli enter the body through contaminated water and food. 2%) infected under-five children passed three or more loose stools per day and 105 (88. Type 2. 1%, and 10. A teaspoon is plenty for cats and small dogs, a dessert spoon for larger dogs. Weight loss. These Sep 5, 2023 · Viruses are the leading causative agent of acute infectious gastroenteritis within the United States and worldwide. Overview. Electrolyte solutions are not essential for mild bouts of diarrhea and they aren’t easy to make at home. Jul 24, 2023 · Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ): Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, diseases causing inflammation of the small intestine and/or colon, commonly cause chronic diarrhea. Diarrhea may also be very intense, and severe pain can follow. Jun 3, 2024 · What to do: Steering clear of foods or ingredients that trigger GI distress can help you avoid symptoms like diarrhea. Infections. When the lining of the rectum is affected, people often feel an urgent need to move their bowels and have frequent bowel movements because the inflamed rectum is more sensitive to Apr 14, 2024 · Green stool may be a sign of food poisoning. Rice water can be consumed 1 cup at a time two to three times a day. Nov 15, 2011 · Chronic diarrhea, defined as a decrease in stool consistency for more than four weeks, is a common but challenging clinical scenario. coli Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting: 4-7 days: Eggs, poultry, meat, unpateurized milk or juice, cheese Children who have diarrhea and are vomiting will need to stop their usual diets. Electrolyte Solutions. In cases when watery diarrhea causes severe dehydration, a doctor may also administer IV fluids. When traveling in developing countries, diarrhea Oct 30, 2023 · Salmonella diarrhea is called food poisoning, but this term is misleading. In this article, the definition of diarrhea and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to diarrhea are reviewed. It can indicate avoiding food because of pain or Aug 10, 2023 · Diarrhea is defined as the passage of loose or watery stools, typically at least three times in a 24-hour period [ 8 ]. Upset stomach. Bacteria and parasites: – Bacteria like salmonella, shigella, E. Loss May 22, 2019 · Diarrhea with mucus in dogs. Acute diarrhea is characterized by the sudden passage of watery or loose stools that occur frequently—more than 3 times within 24 hours or totaling at least 200 grams of stool per day. [2] Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal May 4, 2023 · This type of diarrhea is most often caused by a viral or bacterial infection such as norovirus or E. It is primarily caused when there is a reduction in the absorption of fluid by the intestines or an increase in the secretion of fluid or speedy passage of stool through the intestines. chronic diarrhea lasts >4 weeks and is often caused by underlying conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or fat malabsorption. Oct 19, 2023 · The most common symptom of diarrhea is passing loose, watery stools three or more times per day. (No pun intended. It can be serious if it causes dehydration from diarrhea and/or vomiting and the symptoms last for several days Almost all 118 (99. However, there are prevention, management Jun 29, 2023 · Soluble fiber is usually fermentable, but some insoluble fibers are fermentable, too. Loop diuretics, such as furosemide or bumetanide. ) But, it also turns out that not all diarrhea is the same. Norovirus. support health during pregnancy. The evaluation of the patient with diarrhea can be complex and the treatment challenging. Aug 6, 2022 · Diarrhea that comes on suddenly and goes away over a couple of weeks is called "acute diarrhea. abnormal bowel movements. Sometimes, the cause of diarrhea is not known. Abdominal cramping. Also, an alteration in colonic motility such that bowel contents are emptied before adequate absorption can occur has been offered as a possible explanation for the diarrhea associated with irritable bowel disease. (See "Patient education: Irritable bowel syndrome (Beyond the Basics)". S. Refined wheat, on the other hand, binds stools and can be found in food products like white bread, regular pasta, saltines, and pretzels. The putative mechanism of this condition is due to an hepatic overproduction of bile acids and an impaired feedback by FGF19 . Medical conditions like celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can also cause watery diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also have severe symptoms Sep 8, 2023 · Oats are also a rich source of soluble fiber and can help firm stools. bloating. Jul 20, 2016 · Acute diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts a short time. Testing is seldom required, as the Diarrhea is defined as having more than 3 liquidy stools in 24 hours or having a stool weight of over 200 grams per day, but nobody measures stool weight since that can get messy - especially if you’re having diarrhea! Diarrhea is also classified as acute if it lasts for less than 2 weeks, persistent if it lasts for 2 to 4 weeks, and chronic Diarrhea. 2%) had diarrhea for less than 14 days. Vaginal dryness, less feeling around the vagina, and trouble with sexual desire or orgasm. Mar 3, 2023 · Stomach pain and cramping. Such solutes include polyethylene glycol, magnesium salts (hydroxide and sulfate), and sodium phosphate, which are used as laxatives. Severe dehydration can lead to shock and death. There is also some evidence magnesium may be useful as part of a treatment plan for the following conditions Diarrhea. Certainly, disorders affecting either the small or large bowel can lead to diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea occurs with sugar intolerance (eg, lactose intolerance caused by lactase deficiency). Skin that doesn't flatten if pinched and released. Then it goes away on its own. Bloody or black stools. Acute and persistent diarrhea. Nov 29, 2017 · No matter what, diarrhea is pretty crappy. Chronic diarrhea -- diarrhea that lasts at least four weeks -- can be a symptom of a chronic disease. They are responsible for most diagnosed cases of acute community-acquired diarrhea. A stool’s hardness is determined by how much water the body absorbs during digestion. Diarrhea begins 12 hours to four days after exposure and resolves within three to seven days, but sometimes, the cause is not known. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound (1/2 kilogram) of stool a day, but the stool Apr 15, 2020 · Chronic diarrhea is defined as a predominantly decreased stool consistency lasting longer than four weeks. Seizures. For health care providers, it is crucial to be familiar with this entity regardless of Feb 20, 2024 · Type 3 has a shape similar to a sausage but with cracks on the surface, while type 4 has a comparable appearance to type 3 but with a smooth and soft surface. 1, 2 The prevalence is estimated to be 1% to 5% of the adult population. Inulin Post-cholecystectomy diarrhea can be a part of complex symptoms after gallbladder removal. The underlying causes and types of shock can produce other signs and symptoms. There are different types of diarrhea, including: Acute diarrhea. It is not a life-threatening condition and May 27, 2023 · Types and Causes. Other signs of food poisoning include: Nausea and vomiting. The BRAT diet includes: bananas Dec 18, 2023 · Explosive diarrhea is a forceful form of loose or liquid stool. Jan 18, 2024 · This type of diarrhea is known as traveler’s diarrhea because it most commonly occurs when Acute diarrhea may last between 1 and 4 days. Calcium polycarbophil. Diarrhoea is often caused by an infection. 3. Duration. Internal parasites are not visible, although they can result in eggs or other parasite material being present in the stool. Some people normally move their bowels 3 to 5 times a day. Acute diarrhea lasts 14 days or less and is almost always caused by an infectious agent, typically a virus. Viral infections. Apr 12, 2024 · Types Of Dog Diarrhea. Bacteria like Salmonella (the most common cause of food poisoning), the parasite Giardia, and norovirus can cause your intestines to flush quicker than normal, leading to greenish, watery stool. For example, when parasites such as coccidia infest the dog, mucus in their stool can appear. enteritidis phage type 4 was common in the UK in 1980 and the commonest cause of incidents in poultry flocks. Introduction. Diarrhea is an increase in the volume, wateriness, or frequency of bowel movements. Jul 11, 2023 · The BRAT diet —bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast—and other bland, low-fat foods may be ideal when you have diarrhea. Diarrhea ( American English ), also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa ( British English ), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day. May 19, 2024 · Combine 1 to 2 cups of water with 1/2 cup of white or brown rice (do not use the instant type). [2] It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. On completion of this article, you Type 5: Soft blobs with clear cut edges; Type 6: Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool (diarrhea) Type 7: Watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid (diarrhea) Types 1 and 2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools as they are easy to defecate while not containing excess liquid, and 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea. People who eat large amounts of vegetable fiber may produce more than a pound (1/2 kilogram) of stool a day, but the stool Jun 15, 2024 · Pancolitis. Trouble swallowing. Stomach gurgling or rumbling. persistent diarrhea lasts 2-4 weeks. IBS can develop after having an infection. May 26, 2023 · Potential causes of diarrhea include: viral infections including rotavirus, norovirus, and viral gastroenteritis. It is diagnosed in about 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis. acute diarrhea is characterized by acute onset of > 3 bowel movements/day lasting < 14 days and is often caused by infection. And keeping a food diary can help you identify the likely culprits. Persistent diarrhea may last between 2 and 4 weeks. A dry mouth or tongue or cries without tears. In most cases, they're needed for only 1 to 2 days. "Write Sufferers of IBS experience recurring abdominal pain or discomfort alongside constipation or diarrhea, or a mix of the two. Certain medical conditions can cause type 7 stools as well, including celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis. As you start to feel better, you will want to add other foods back in slowly. Three types of infections that cause diarrhea include. The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also has been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Most viral gastroenteritis infections are caused by. Bananas: These have a good amount of potassium, which is an electrolyte that your body loses if you Diarrhea can result when the maximum colonic absorptive capacity of 4 liters a day is exceeded. Selected side effects: Dizziness. Some children are not able to tolerate cow's milk Sep 7, 2022 · IBS can cause crampy abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both). Diarrhea can be caused by infections or other factors. Meanwhile, secretory diarrhea usually results from the secretion of water and electrolytes in the intestines. coli. Dog diarrhea is categorized into types according to duration (acute vs chronic) and location (small bowel vs large bowel). It is one of the most common clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease, but also can reflect primary disorders outside of the digestive system. cramps, bloating, and gas. What they do: They affect part of your kidneys (the loop of Henle) to get salt and excess water out of your body. Apr 17, 2023 · Types of diarrhea in dogs. Constant diarrhea can cause dehydration. Boil for 10 minutes or until the water looks cloudy. In Aug 7, 2023 · Diarrhea consists of the passage of watery and loose stools multiple times a day (usually more than 3), though specific definitions may vary when applied for distinct studies or populations. Preventing diarrhoea. Parasitic infections such as Giardia lamblia can also cause watery diarrhea. It takes between six to 10 hours for food to reach your large intestine after you eat it, and another 24-36 hours after that to travel through your large intestine. The best things to drink for diarrhea include clear liquids like water and drinks that contain electrolytes, which can replace lost fluid and electrolytes. This type of diarrhea in dogs manifests in a gelatinous appearance. promote bone health. IBS symptoms are not the same for everyone and treatment requirements can vary based on symptoms, which is why four types of IBS have been described to help categorize the different forms of IBS people may experience. Acute diarrhea comes on suddenly, while diarrhea is considered to be chronic if it lasts for two weeks or more. th hi cv cw fa nv nb cr yp dg