Aerotropolis precinct

This work has been published in Thomas Fisher, Brian Orland and Carl Steinitz, The International Geodesign Collaboration: Changing Geography by Design , (Brisbane: Esri Press New infrastructure chief tasked with getting aerotropolis on track, Parkland authority to be gutted. Jun 15, 2021 · The government announced $1. No paper. The NSW Government has appointed Professor Roberta Ryan as the Independent Community Commissioner for the Western Sydney Aerotropolis and Orchard Hills. Exhibition Quarter 4 2020, Finalisation following exhibition. The Aerotropolis DCP will guide precinct planning within the Aerotropolis, which will be delivered in two phases. CAMPSIE NSW 2194. Due its huge area (around 11 km2), and acknowledging the time it takes for urban centres to develop, a new approach to city-making is being implemented. 4 Review of the Development Control Plan Overview. On 25 March 2022, the NSW Government announced the appointment of Sydney Water as the trunk drainage authority for stormwater in the Western Sydney Aerotropolis, including the Mamre Road Precinct. 76 ha of field validated ENV, following a SEPP amendment, and will count towards the 2,000-ha target, in accordance with RBM6. 1 Mar 31, 2022 · The NSW Government has unveiled the final Precinct Plan for the Western Sydney Aerotropolis, which will create over 100,000 jobs and 11,400 new homes in its lifetime. This means New infrastructure chief tasked with getting aerotropolis on track, Parkland authority to be gutted. The Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan – Phase 1 (Phase 1 DCP) was published on 13 September 2020 and came into effect on 1 October 2020. Western Sydney business leaders and MPs want Prime Minister Anthony Albanese to step in and kickstart the stalled “aeroflopolis” precinct around the new international airport. Dec 16, 2022 · The Aerotropolis Precinct Plan was finalised and announced as part of the Aerotropolis Planning Framework in March 2022. Benefits for our customers and communities 5200 new jobs created during construction in the Mamre Road precinct Supports new housing development in the Aerotropolis precincts Integrated stormwater management provides more land for development that otherwise would have housed water infrastructure Effective management of stormwater run Sep 18, 2020 · This planning package is a step forward in understanding the planning framework for the Aerotropolis. May 6, 2024 · “Support for the Western Sydney Freight line isn’t just about growing the Aerotropolis precinct. A new infrastructure tsar will be installed to kickstart the flailing aerotropolis precinct The Kempton Park CBD Precinct, key to both the Aerotropolis Corridor and the Thami Mnyele Corridors; The Bredell Precinct, central to the growth of the logistics potential and capacity of the Aerotropolis Corridor; The Germiston Lake Precinct, encompassing the Victoria Lake area and Rand Airport, a key Precinct in the Corridor. 1 Overview. Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct Plan – Amendment No. The metro will link the precinct to St Marys while Penrith, Liverpool Jan 16, 2024 · The Daily Telegraph has revealed in recent weeks examples of setbacks that have struck the aerotropolis – the 11,200 hectare precinct surrounding the new western Sydney airport set to open in 2026. ” “Cities can’t grow without the transport links that get people and goods from place to place. No software installation. Following finalisation of Precinct Plans. Exclusive: The new chief tasked with kicking Western Sydney Airport’s floundering aerotropolis precinct into gear says he needs to win Mar 12, 2021 · 139-145 Beamish Street. 1. The precinct plans have been developed consistent with the objectives of the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Plan, and describe the intended outcomes to support the Aerotropolis’ place within the Western Parkland City. It is defined by a new regional park system along Thompsons Creek and a focus on the new metropolitan centre. The Precinct covers an area of approximately 1,330 ha, and its boundary is defined in the State Environmental Planning Policy (Precincts - Western Parkland City). 3 billion investment in Western Sydney Airport. Master planning is an optional alternative development approval pathway which exists for certain land within the Western Sydney Aerotropolis. Aug 30, 2023 · In June 2021, with fanfare, the Berejiklian government rezoned some 850 hectares in the Mamre Road precinct as the first step in its Aerotropolis ambitions, boasting that the move would create The Bradfield Development Authority is building a stronger future for Western Sydney by delivering Bradfield City Centre and attracting investment to the Aerotropolis. Community consultation. Minister for planning and homes Anthony Roberts said the finalised plans give the community, investors and developers the certainty they need to plan for the future. The aerotropolis – largely private land – is approximately Nov 29, 2021 · The Aerotropolis is a regionally significant precinct that will play an important role in the NSW and Australian government’s plans for the Western Parkland City and the state’s jobs-led recovery from COVID-19,” they said. However, additional work needs to be undertaken to ensure the Aerotropolis Precinct Plans can be used to guide and assess development at both the individual lot level and larger scale. ateway and Agribusiness). Feb 26, 2021 · In 2018, the author also ran a series of aerotropolis design studies investigating the relationship of urban microclimate and urban design at the meso and precinct scale. The Western Sydney Aerotropolis will leverage complex supply chain capabilities emerging near the new Nancy Bird Walton International Airport, due to begin operations in 2026. The first precinct, the 1,055-hectare Aerotropolis Core, is set to deliver 60,000 jobs and 8,000 homes when fully-developed, while the 1,120-hectare Northern Gateway will deliver 22,500-plus jobs and 3,400 homes. 11 March 2021 Mr Andrew Jackson Director Western Sydney Planning Partnership PO Box 257 Parramatta, NSW 2124 Dear Andrew, SUBMISSION ON THE DRAFT WESTERN SYDNEY AEROTROPOLIS PRECINCT PLANS. By leveraging the expertise of the four institutions -students, employees and the wider community will have unparalleled access to innovative teaching and research. The precinct has so far signed up a $50 million investment from defence contractor Northrop Grumman, and commitments from Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and bank Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group. The landholdings on the western edge of the airport are within the Agribusiness Precinct which is an initial precinct. The rezoning of the precinct facilitates the NSW Government’s vision for the Western Parkland City. 15 billion to kickstart building on Sydney's third city centre, to be known as Bradfield. The Wianamatta South Creek Precinct is an initial planning focus within the state led Western Sydney Aerotropolis planning area. Another 1,000 hectares of farming land is used for cropping and grazing in Camden Local Government Area, 12,000 hectares at Wyalong, 1,800 Message 0481 056 618 or email tips@dailytelegraph. It is distinguished not only by its scale but by its strategic positioning within the Northern Gateway precinct of the Western Sydney Aerotropolis. On any device & OS. 4. Aerotropolis SEPP Environmental planning instrument created under the Environmental • The Western Sydney Aerotropolis DCP. Initial Precinct Plans and Special the final Aerotropolis Precinct Plan (the Precinct Plan), the Aerotropolis Special Infrastructure Contributions Plan and the Luddenham Village Interim Strategy. Principle 1: Identify the desired outcomes for the precinct. T 02 8396 3800. erotropolis Precinct PlanThe draft Aerotropolis Precinct Plan (Western Sydney Planning Partnership, 2020b) sets out planning and design guidelines for the initial precincts of the WSAGA (Aerotropolis Core, Wianamatta-South Creek corridor, Badgerys Creek, Northern. 18 ha target identified for the Precinct in the Draft Conservation Guiding principles for stormwater schemes with input from the development industry in 2022. New infrastructure chief tasked with getting aerotropolis on track, Parkland authority to be gutted. including the Aerotropolis. The integrated evidence-based strategic planning of the Aerotropolis Precincts has much to commend it. com. Rapid bus services to Penrith will provide additional connectivity. This includes: M12 Motorway (open 2026) Sydney Metro – Western Sydney Airport (open 2026) Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan - Phase 1. This submission has been prepared by Urbis Pty Ltd (Urbis) on behalf of Suttons Motor Group (Suttons) in response to the release of the draft Aerotropolis The precinct plans have been developed consistent with the objectives of the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Plan, and describe the intended outcomes to support the Aerotropolis’ place within the Western Parkland City. PO Box 176, CAMPSIE NSW 2194. The Aerotropolis Precinct Plan sets out the finer grain detail to support the land use zonings and other provisions under the Aerotropolis SEPP. The calls come jurisdictional terrain which encloses the majority of the Aerotropolis precinct, requires good faith negotiations with the Land Council as a primary Aboriginal stakeholder with statutory authority . September 2020. “We are pleased that this project has received the recognition it deserves. The Precinct Plan was finalised by the NSW Department of Planning & Environment on the 24 March 2022 and now enables development to commence in the initial precincts of The Western Sydney Aerotropolis is set for take-off after the NSW Government released the final precinct plan which will support more than 100,000 jobs and 11,400 new homes. 3) Response to Draft Aerotropolis Precinct Plan Jun 14, 2023 · The draft Aerotropolis Development Contributions Plan (the Plan) seeks to deliver $815 million by apportioning a contributions rate of 5. The contributions will fund the delivery of essential local infrastructure such as local roads, bridges, active transport connections, open spaces, community Nov 5, 2021 · The Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan Phase 2 (DCP) was finalised on 10 November 2022. The Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan Phase 2 (Phase 2 DCP) is now complete and provides guidelines for development in The precinct pages in the links below will give you the latest information on the progress of each precinct. 0 INCONSISTENCY WITH THE WESTERN SYDNEY AEROTROPOLIS DRAFT PRECINCT PLAN MAPS The relevant draft precinct framework mapping has been provided at Appendix A. Development in the precinct will build on the existing topography and natural features. 2 Land Application This Precinct Plan applies to five precincts within the Western Sydney Aerotropolis, as shown on the Land Application Map at Figure 1: • Aerotropolis Core • Badgerys Creek • Wianamatta-South Creek • Northern Gateway • Agribusiness (excluding Luddenham Village as shown on Figure 1) Planning for the remaining precincts will be undertaken at a later stage, and the Sep 13, 2018 · The Multiversity will specialise in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and be part of the Aerotropolis precinct at Badgerys Creek. The Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct Plan identifies Metropolitan, Specialised, Local and Neighbourhood centres. Applies to development proposals in the Mamre Road and Aerotropolis initial precincts. • Informs precinct plans and master plans in the Aerotropolis Development applications must demonstrate consistency with the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Plan (section 275C of the EP&A Regulations). The Aerotropolis will create an innovation precinct and a home for technology, science and creative industries, ensuring the Western Parkland City has: world class jobs that will sustain prosperity within the region, creating more than 100,000 new job opportunities across the Aerotropolis Core, Badgerys Creek, Northern Gateway and Agribusiness Mar 28, 2024 · The new Precinct will be developed in stages, but there is already a significant amount of work underway to prepare for the opening of the Western Sydney International Airport in 2026 and to provide access to the Airport Precinct and surrounding areas. Do whatever you want with a submission-to-public-exhibition-of-western-sydney-aerotropolis-precinct-plan-2021: fill, sign, print and send online instantly. A new infrastructure tsar will be installed to kickstart the flailing aerotropolis precinct Dec 9, 2019 · The government says the plan sets out a “sequenced approach to precinct planning” designed to boost major infrastructure investment and help kick start operation of the Aerotropolis. The precinct boundary now includes additional land east of the exhibited precinct boundary and aligns the western boundary with the 1 in 100 chance per year flood extent. • Phone calls from the public Dec 1, 2021 · We apply this approach in a case study energizing the proposed Aerotropolis Core Precinct (ACP) within the wider Aerotropolis site to be constructed in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. This has resulted in a consequential change to the Aerotropolis boundary. Geographically, Bradfield city centre is only a small part of the massive airport precinct that will materialise in coming decades. Guideline to Existing Use Rights We have prepared the Western Sydney Aerotropolis – Community Guideline (PDF, 176 KB) as part of the NSW Government’s commitment to implement the recommendations of the Independent Community Commissioner. Phase 1 includes precinct planning principles, objectives and performance outcomes. Kemps Creek Precinct. Parramatta's multinational business community is poised to gain access to a new state-of-the-art airport that offers significantly more convenient access while the Aerotropolis business hub can revel in Parramatta's extensive night time economy. The master planning process is not a mechanism to amend the WSAP. Following exhibition of the draft plan from November Early 2020. This exceeds the 227. The planning framework for the Western Sydney Aerotropolis has now been finalised, giving the community, landowners, developers and councils the certainty they need to plan and develop Australia’s next global gateway. Sydney Metro services will provide connections between the Northern Gateway, Western Sydney Airport and Bradfield City Centre, within the Aerotropolis Core precinct. The precinct offers key access points to the airport, allowing the development of agribusiness uses which could include integrated logistics, air freight, integrated intensive production, food innovation, fresh product and value-added food – pharmaceuticals. A new infrastructure tsar will be installed to kickstart the flailing aerotropolis precinct Western Sydney Aerotropolis Draft Precinct Plans 3 3. There are many elements that represent transferable best practice, that need to have much wider application Jul 11, 2019 · This one day conference will explore key themes with partners that will help make the Agribusiness precinct a reality at the Aerotropolis, bringing together global experts, key stakeholders and industry leaders to understand the prospects of a world-leading agribusiness precinct in the heart of West Mar 30, 2022 · As a first step, BHL has submitted plans to the NSW government, which last Friday released its final Precinct Plan for the Aerotropolis, to develop 120 hectares which would include 550,000 square Feb 5, 2024 · The aerotropolis will take up to 50 years to grow – while locals are concerned about congestion on old arterial roads. The stormwater schemes are still in the planning phase so it will be some time before there are construction activities or acquisitions. To date 18 memorandums of understanding have been signed with the Aerotropolis’ foundation partners. E ssroc@ssroc. It is focused on attracting industries, such as aerospace, defence, technology, and STEM education. • Two public meetings with the Luddenham Progress Association and Liverpool Rural Land Forum to discuss issues relevant to specific communities. The Precinct Plan provides the place-based objectives and requirements to guide development within the Aerotropolis. With the finalisation of the precinct plan, the development process for a new city surrounding the Western Sydney Airport at Badgerys Creek can begin. This matter will be discussed further in the response below. The Aerotropolis is the premiere location for greenfield expansion in Southeast Michigan, offering 6,000 acres of 1800 645 466. The Phase 2 DCP supports the Precinct Plan and provides the level of detail required to prepare and assess development applications across the Aerotropolis. Quarter 4 2020. The master planning guidelines will be released on 1 October 2020, and The open space network was finalised with the Aerotropolis SEPP and is reflected in the final Precinct Plan. The Master Plan will position Bradfield City Centre as a centre for innovation, education, and skills development in the heart of Western Sydney. au. The Advanced Manufacturing Research Facility will accelerate the NSW manufacturing industry by recognising and building on its Exclusive: The new chief tasked with kicking Western Sydney Airport’s floundering aerotropolis precinct into gear says he needs to win back the trust of foreign investors, as Premier Chris Minns Oct 20, 2023 · objectives of the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Plan for the Aerotropolis Core as a key employment centre in Western Sydney, aligned with the Western City District Plan and Precinct Plan. The precinct boundary now excludes land to the east of Kemps Creek beyond Precinct Plans with this level of detail within a short period of time. Benefiting from proximity to the new Western Sydney International Nancy-Bird Walton Airport (WSI Airport), the aerotropolis will contribute towards 200,000 new jobs in the Western Parkland City and become a high-skill jobs hub across aerospace Western Sydney business leaders and MPs want Prime Minister Anthony Albanese to step in and kickstart the stalled “aeroflopolis” precinct around the new international airport. Executive Summary. F 02 8396 3816. This brochure provides a summary of key precinct elements. We look forward to further guidance, clarity, and precinct plan development over the coming months and urge the government to maintain a priority on finalising the PIC. be generally consistent with the vision and principles Jul 13, 2023 · The Plan seeks to deliver $815 million by apportioning a contribution rate of 5. The rezoning of the Mamre Road Precinct (the precinct) responds to the demand for industrial land in Western Sydney. It supports the ongoing implementation of the Aerotropolis Precinct Plan by providing controls to guide development across the initial precincts for growth, the Aerotropolis Core, Badgerys Creek, Wianamatta-South Creek, Agribusiness and Northern Gateway Precincts. The Phase 1 DCP is superseded by the Phase 2 DCP. Complete a blank sample electronically to save In her role shaping precinct planning for Aerotropolis in 2020, Dr Danièle Hromek of cultural design and research practice, Djinjama, noted that the area’s First Peoples regularly shaped the character of the land, sometimes through dramatic measures: “ Cool burns managed the chance of bushfires, now prevalent in warmer parts of the year Feb 5, 2024 · Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct Plan, and Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan (DCP) – Phase 2. A Precinct Plan for the initial precincts has been adopted (March 2022) to enable development to proceed in the Aerotropolis. The Figure 16 Western Sydney Aerotropolis. The Bradfield City Centre contributes approximately half of the jobs targeted for the Aerotropolis Core precinct with a focus on knowledge intensive jobs. nsw. Use the toggle below to view or for more on centre types and precincts, visit the Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct Plan Aerotropolis. 4. The Western Sydney Aerotropolis Development Control Plan Phase 2 (Phase 2 DCP) is now complete, which will Premier Chris Minns is considering an urgent rescue mission to kickstart the stalled aerotropolis with a new agency to be tasked with getting the giant precinct back on track. The calls come The draft Western Sydney Aerotropolis (Aerotropolis Core, Badgerys Creek and Wianamatta-South Creek) Precinct Plan will protect 228. . The NSW Government and local councils are working closely with the community to deliver the Western Sydney Aerotropolis on the 11,200-hectare site surrounding the Western Sydney International (Nancy-Bird Walton) Airport. 5% for development over $200,000 within the Aerotropolis precinct in Penrith’s Local Government Area. It will offer attractive places for workers, residents and visitors and complement the the associated provision of infrastructure. Email. Mamre Road and Aerotropolis integrated stormwater and recycled water: Net Developable Area fact sheet (640 KB) Guidance on the calculation of Net Developable Area (NDA). This approach puts Country first, with complementary objectives of sustainability, liveability and Feb 5, 2024 · The draft Bradfield master plan will be open for public feedback until March 4. Securely download your document with other editable templates, any time, with PDFfiller. Mar 6, 2024 · “This is a super prime institutional grade industrial property asset in Sydney’s tightly held western industrial precinct, adding to UniSuper’s $8 billion unlisted property portfolio. The Aerotropolis Core is a dense urban precinct planned around the Aerotropolis Metro station and the Wianamatta-South Creek Corridor system. The Aerotropolis Core will be named Bradfield in honour of John Bradfield, the engineer who oversaw construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the city's May 10, 2023 · Data in the New South Wales Gov – Western Sydney Aerotropolis Precinct Development – New South Wales report has been gathered from tracking over 60,000 news, company and government sources, as well as primary research with direct contact with key project stakeholders. The planning packages for this area were finalised on 25 March 2022 allowing for development to commence and these will become the first areas for development within the Aerotropolis. The latest plans include a vision for 20,000 jobs and 10,000 homes in the city centre, as well as 80 towers up to 15 1. Sep 16, 2020 · An aerotropolis is a “smart city” precinct being developed in the surrounding area of an airport, and focusing on business developments in the so-called “first mile” and also in rapid and world-class logistics and connectivity to suppliers, customers, and partners locally and globally. aerostormwater@sydneywater. The Detroit Region Aerotropolis Development Corporation is a five-community, two-county public-private economic development partnership driving corporate expansion and new investments around Detroit Metro and Willow Run Airports. A business-attracting, jobs-generating $5. The main roles of a master plan are to: establish alternate development guidance for sites that are important due to size or impact on other areas. It’s also about getting freight off our roads and onto our rails so there’s more space for Western Sydney drivers and less traffic. The Western City District Plan recognises the opportunity to deliver a 30-minute city. Amazon Web Services Nov 13, 2022 · THE planning framework for the Western Sydney Aerotropolis precinct has now been finalised, laying the foundation for the transformation of 6,500 hectares of land around the future Nancy Bird Walton Airport in Badgerys Creek. It says there will be a diversity of housing in the Aerotropolis Core, Northern Gateway and Rossmore precincts to provide “a vibrant and living city Apr 4, 2024 · The aerotropolis – the 11,200 hectare precinct surrounding the new western Sydney airport – was a major focus of the day, with Mr Scully, the minister charged with turbocharging the lingering The Aerotropolis at Wianamatta is a new type of city for Western Sydney’s growing community. This report outlines the investment needs and strategy to accommodate the development of an estimated 11,200 hectares of land within the recently defined Western Sydney Aerotropolis (of which approximately 9,974ha is regarded as developable). Finalisation of Western Sydney Aerotropolis Plan, Phase 1 DCP and Aerotropolis SEPP (including rezoning of initial precincts) & release of Finalisation Report and Master Planning Guidelines. The relevant precinct maps for the purpose of this Submission include the Combined Land Use Plan, Open Space Network map, Feb 24, 2020 · Artists’s impression of an Aerotropolis employment precinct. Precinct Group, Aerotropolis Agribusiness Action Group, Willowdene Avenue residents’ group, Badgerys Creek residents’ group and Kemps Creek residents’ group. gov. This Discussion Paper has been prepared to detail proposed amendments to the Aerotropolis Precinct Plan, in response to matters identified by two landowners, since its finalisation. Mar 24, 2022 · The Precinct Plan sets the strategic vision, proposed land uses, approach to infrastructure and water management for the initial precincts (Aerotropolis Core, Agribusiness, Badgerys Creek, Northern Gateway, and Wianamatta-South Creek) of the Aerotropolis. The aerotropolis precinct plan. Message 0481 056 618 or email tips@dailytelegraph. The model also looks at supplying this demand, and the corresponding associated emissions, for the years 2025, 2035 and 2050 – in line with Aug 13, 2018 · An emerging national leader in applying the aerotropolis model is the 415 km² (160 mile²) Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone (ZAEZ) which is being developed on and outward from Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport (CGO), 30 km (18 mile) southeast of downtown Zhengzhou and a little over an hour flight inland from Beijing or Shanghai. It was on public exhibition from No. It will offer attractive places for workers, residents and visitors and complement the Final plans for the Western Sydney Aerotropolis have been unveiled, giving wings to one of the biggest projects in the history of New South Wales. The precinct will have access via Luddenham Road, Elizabeth Drive and the Agribusiness precinct to the airport. Exclusive: A new infrastructure tsar will be installed to kickstart the flailing aerotropolis precinct around the new Western Sydney For parts of the Aerotropolis which have not yet been zoned by the Aerotropolis SEPP, all applicable Council local environmental plan and development control plan provisions continue to apply. Northern Gateway is planned to be home to more than 22,000 jobs in industries including education, tech, and food processing research and development. Released last week, the Plan Jul 1, 2024 · The NSW Government introduced a special infrastructure contribution (SIC) to help pay for new infrastructure in the Western Sydney Aerotropolis precinct on 25 March 2022. Western Sydney Aerotropolis Area Plan. The exhibition period has now closed and the department is reviewing the feedback provided by the community and other stakeholders. It provides further details to support land-use zonings, such as building height and density, and other provisions outlined in the Western Parkland City SEPP. The Phase 1 DCP identified the precinct planning principles, objectives, and performance outcomes to allow precinct planning to progress. Dec 14, 2023 · NSW Treasurer Daniel Mookhey said the slashed funding now jeopardises the planned Aerotropolis precinct surrounding the Western Sydney International Airport (WSIA), which is slated to open in late Feb 5, 2024 · The Bradfield City Centre Master Plan sets out a framework for future development within the new 114-hectare city, five times the size of Barangaroo, at the heart of the Western Sydney Aerotropolis. For a full outline of requirements, refer to the Precinct Plan report. This means we will be responsible for delivering, managing and. The SIC will help fund: state and regional roads; cycleways and footpaths; regional open space; hospitals, ambulance stations and community health facilities Perich Group holds over 800 hectares of farming land within the Western Sydney Aerotropolis, specifically within the core and agribusiness precincts, with direct links into the future Western Sydney Airport. In late 2022, proposed changes were exhibited and the revised Precinct Plan was finalised in May 2023. Pochodyla lives in what’s known as the “Mamre Road Precinct”, a massive industrial rezoning of 850 hectares 15 kilometres from the Badgerys Creek airport. Dec 3, 2018 · Aerotropolis Core is proposed to be a mixed-use precinct providing 60,000 jobs and 8,000 homes. It will be situated near Bringelly in Sydney's south-west, on the doorstep of 10 Nov 2022. le wp uv zg eu sa ne ql xx rr