All tiger species

WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. Indo-Chinese Tiger Strike Force Continuing the exploration of tiger strike forces, the Indo-Chinese tigers demonstrate their impressive power with a strike force of 19,025 lb. All 37 living cat species trace back to a panther-like predator that lived in Southeast Asia 11 million years ago. These can attain the largest body size among all the Felidae , [6] : 29 and therefore are called Royal Bengal Tigers. The Sumatran tiger is a subspecies of tiger native to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Just over a century ago, 100,000 wild tigers roamed across Asia. Sep 15, 2022 · A sleeping white tiger cub. Panthers include—in descending size order—tigers Tiger beetles are a family of beetles, Cicindelidae, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. 8 meters (5-6 feet). On this page are pictures and facts on all 41 currently Climate change poses a growing threat to us all – tigers included. 5 feet) long (including a 1-metre- [3. Throughout history, lions have been admired as a symbol of power, strength, and courage. These species exhibit a wide range of sizes, colors, and patterns, reflecting the rich biodiversity within this group of insects. Jun 28, 2024 · It also currently has four animals on the WWF’s 10 most endangered animals list. India’s tigers make a major comeback: Their population estimates rise to 2,226— an increase from 1,706 in 2010—largely due to better management of protected areas and increased protections for the species. The goliath tigerfish ( Hydrocynus goliath) is among the most famous tigerfish. African lions typically reach hefts between 260 and 550 pounds, which makes some of the largest lions about the same weight as Bengal tigers. It is larger than today’s species, like the Siberian or Bengal tiger. ) and is about 3. Jul 19, 2022 · Siberian Tigers. Nov 30, 2023 · Despite this widespread reverence, tiger populations have been declining for decades primarily due to anthropogenic threats, such as poaching, habitat loss, and the depletion of prey stocks. It has a dense coat to protect it against the harsh cold climate of its habitat and is generally bulkier in size compared to its Bengal counterpart. The Siberian tiger is the largest of all tiger species, even though the Bengal tiger is bigger. Tigers range from six to ten feet long, and they can weigh anywhere from 220 to 660 pounds. It contains the largest living members of the cat family. The last time they were recorded on the island was in 1930, but a small population likely remained until the 40s. 1) Tiger Poaching & the Illegal Wildlife Trade. Indonesia’s last tiger. Bite Force: 1,050 PSI. In the past 100 years, we have changed their tiger conservation status from “Least Concern” to “Endangered” “Critically Endangered” and “Extinct”. The average full-grown adult tiger has a length of around 2-3 meters (6. After it vanished from Palmyra Atoll, an island in the tropical Pacific, USGS researchers and partners set out to find out why. In fact, they are the most powerful of all big cats. The Bengal tiger is an extremely rare, gorgeous, and powerful creature. Siberian tigers have striped bodies, and just like unique fingerprints in humans, each tiger has its distinguished pattern. Tigers are poisoned, shot, trapped, and snared, largely as a result of conflicts with people and to meet the demands of a Jan 16, 2017 · The South China tiger is actually found in central and eastern China. Species fact sheet: Tigers The largest cat of all, the tiger is a powerful symbol among the different cultures that share its home. Feb 20, 2015 · Three of the nine tiger subspecies (Bali, Javan, and Caspian tigers) became extinct during the 20th century, leaving only the half dozen living species featured in this gallery. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species. Dec 13, 2013 · African Tiger Fish – The largest of all Tiger Fish species, these naturally healthy and resilient fish have large appetites and need lots of room to swim around. As mentioned, the Siberian tiger is the strongest and largest tiger species. Its Javan and Balinese counterparts have already been driven to extinction by hunting and Jan 1, 2024 · Tiger Rat Snake, also known as the Snake Species Overview, is a fascinating reptile that inhabits various regions. Previously, lions roamed throughout all of Africa and parts of Asia and Europe. 1,2,3 is one of the most intriguing, enigmatic, and fascinating group of Sadly, tigers are on the brink of extinction. 1. 2 in) and weigh 100 to 140 kg (220 to 310 lb). This article provides a comprehensive understanding of the Tiger Rat Snake, covering its physical characteristics, habitat, behavior, diet, reproduction, lifespan, interesting facts, conservation status, and the aspects to consider if keeping it as a pet. They also only reach weights of, at most, 430 lbs (males), and 290 lbs (females). 9 feet tall. Many species of tiger beetles are in decline and several are listed as endangered or threatened under the US Endangered Species Act. u. The last of the Sunda island tigers are holding on for survival in the remaining patches of forest on the island of Sumatra. The smallest of tiger subspecies—the Sumatran tiger—weighs about 310 pounds at most. The Siberians are the largest tiger species. Tigers are the largest of all Asian big cats, weighing in at up to 660 pounds. Within each subspecies, the males are heavier than the females. The Bali tiger lived in modern-day Bali, colonizing the islands during the last ice age around 12,000 years ago. White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. Oct 26, 2023 · Male lions also sport a thick, furry mane around their necks; female lions and all tigers do not. But this magnificent animal is being persecuted across its range. . In captive breeding facilities these two individuals are often related, making inbreeding common. 6 to 13. With their size, the Ngandong tiger is the largest tiger species to ever exist. With only 600 individuals remaining in the wild, Sumatran tigers are elusive animals that conservationists are desperately trying to protect. 4 days ago · Tiger, largest member of the cat family (Felidae), rivaled only by the lion in strength and ferocity. 2 meters, excluding a tail of about 1 meter; weight is 160–230 kg (350–500 pounds). May 1, 2024 · At the species level, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists five endangered felids: tiger, Iberian lynx, Borneo bay cat, fishing cat and the flat-headed cat. 2 metres (10. 3-foot-] long tail) and weigh nearly 295 kg (about 650 pounds). Females are smaller, the largest ones Jan 29, 2024 · The tiger cat species complex, the original species from old taxonomic schemes, sensu Cabrera, Wozencraft, Kitchener et al. The females are larger than the whales, with the largest recorded female tiger shark weighing 3,360 pounds at 18 feet. Caspian Tiger (Caspian sea regions, Afghanistan & China, 1970’s) Caspian Tiger. Panthera tigris sondaica. Bengals are larger than other tiger species, second only to the Siberian. May 27, 2024 · Bengal tigers are the national animal of both Bangladesh and India. Tigers prey on other herbivores or plant eaters such as deer, but without enough tigers to eat them, herbivores can overgraze and damage the land, disrupting the balance of the local environment. In 2010, the governments of the world’s 13 tiger range countries came together in St. (10. Dec 17, 2023 · According to results of the Tiger census (All India Tiger Estimation 2018-19), the total count of tigers has risen to 2,967 from 2,226 in 2014. There is often confusion between tiger subspecies, since many look similar May 27, 2024 · Compare this tiger to the largest of the species, the Siberian tiger, which grows to be 10. Western Ecological Research Center. However, this mighty species is now found only in fragments of sub-Saharan Africa, along with a critically endangered subpopulation in West Africa and a small population of Asiatic lions in India’s Gir National Park. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is one of the most endangered of all the tigers remaining on our planet today. It has a long, pointed upper tail lobe Apr 15, 2024 · Tigers are much larger than humans, both in terms of weight and overall size. Sunda island tigers include Sumatran, Javan, and After a century of decline, tiger numbers are on the rise. A maximum of about 5. On the other hand, a male Bengal tiger can get up to 9. 5-1. It is classified as critically endangered and is at grave risk of extinction. There were once nine tiger subspecies, but three became extinct during the 20th century. Unlike most salamanders, which tend to feed on smaller invertebrates like worms and insects, Tiger Salamanders prefer to hunt much larger prey such as rodents and even small birds. Its primary food sources were wild boar, deer, monkeys, fowl, and monitor lizards, but deforestation and increasing agricultural operations began pushing tigers to the mountainous northwestern areas of the island around the The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for its pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. What is an Endangered Species? An endangered species refers to a population of organisms facing the risk of extinction shortly. Scientific Name: Panthera tigris altaica. It is the smallest of all living tiger subspecies, with adult males weighing between 100-140 kg (220-308 lb) and females 75-110 kg (154-242 lb). Alternatively known as Hyrcanian tiger, Babre Mazandaran, Turanian tiger, and Balkhash tiger, its geographical range is quite prominent through the common names. A tiger can consume more than 80 pounds of meat at one time. Alongside its recognizable coat pattern, the tiger possesses a muscular body, large head, small, rounded ears, powerful Jun 4, 2020 · Tigers are the largest of all the Asian big cats. Big Cat Species – Panthera Lineage Nov 28, 2023 · Types of wild cats include big cat species belonging to the subfamily Pantherinae, including the lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard; and members of the subfamily Felinae, including the cheetah, cougar, lynx, bobcat, ocelot, margay, caracal, serval, fishing cat and Pallas's cat. The cub was later to live with another young male tiger. 3 m. Jul 15, 2019 · The tiger is one of four species within the “panther genus,” which is a member of the cat family Felidae, that includes cats of all sizes. Over the last The Smithsonian's National Zoo has two Amur tigers, a female named Nikita and a male named Metis, and one Sumatran tiger, a female named Damai. Here is the breakdown of wild cats’ lower classification, including the list of all 40 wild cat species (not counting the domestic cat). The South China Tiger is the most ancient of the tiger subspecies, believed to be a relic of the “stem tiger” from which all other tiger subspecies are descended. Fewer than 600 Sumatran tigers are estimated to remain in the wild. Another famous species, simply called the tigerfish ( Hydrocynus vittatus ), is There are two recognized subspecies of tiger*: the continental (Panthera tigris tigris) and the Sunda (Panthera tigris sondaica). Top Speed: 50 mph. Petersburg to create a blueprint for tiger recovery. Compared to other species of tiger, the Indochinese tiger is shorter, narrower, and only has single stripes. White tigers, like all tiger species, possess a remarkable ability to deliver devastating strikes that allow them to overpower and subdue their prey. As of 2017, the IUCN recognized only two official species of the tiger —the Sunda island tiger, and the continental tiger. Nepal becomes the first tiger range country to achieve zero tiger poaching for a whole year. Tigers are commonly either orange or white with black stripes. These magnificent, elusive big cats are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species due to poaching, habitat loss and human-wildlife conflict. 5. In the last few years, we have been seeing signs of tiger population As top predators and an ‘umbrella species’, tigers help to keep their environment healthy. Oct 13, 2023 · Size and Appearance. USGS. 5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second. The liger is distinct from the opposite hybrid called the tigon (of a male tiger and a lioness), and is the largest of all known extant felines. 9 ft) in length. Aug 8, 2023 · The Siberian tiger, also known as the Amur tiger, is renowned for being the largest of all tiger species. Today only the Sumatran tiger remains, hanging on by a thread and Continental tigers vary in size across the different subspecies. The Sumatran tiger is endemic to the tropical island of Javan tiger – Panthera tigris sondaica. The Caspian tiger was one of the biggest tigers to roam the planet in modern history. ) with the heaviest weighing up to 660 pounds! The Amur tiger is considerably larger than the smallest living tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger which weighs between 75 to 140kg (165 to 310 lbs. For many decades, tiger populations declined precipitously as a result of habitat loss, poaching, and trade of tiger products. White male tigers reach weights of 200 to 230 kilograms (440 to 510 lb) and can grow up to 3 meters (9. Feb 23, 2024 · JAVAN TIGER (Panthera tigris sondaica) This subspecies lived on the isle of Java until poaching and other factors condemned them to extinction in the mid-1970s. As its name suggests, this tiger subspecies is found only on the Indonesian Dec 1, 2011 · The skull of a new species of tiger was discovered in China, with scientists saying the more than 2-million-year-old big cat representing the oldest tiger species to date. Tigers are one of the most awe-inspiring, courageous wild Panthera is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae. Which country has the most tigers? Jul 30, 2023 · Tiger Moth Species. 5 feet, including their tail. The female weighs about 180 kg (400 lb). Tiger Moths are small to medium-sized moths with wingspans typically ranging from 1 to 3 inches. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard. [2] As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest Sep 12, 2023 · The Ngangdong tiger is estimated to have reached a weight of 800+ lbs and stood around 3. Though they are big cats, Sumatran tigers are the smallest tigers in the world. Aug 15, 2022 · Bengal tiger males, which are heavier than females, can reach top weights of 570 pounds. Tigers are the largest of all wild cats and are renowned for their power and strength. Male Caspian tigers had a body length of approximately 270-295 cm (106–116 inches) and they weighed 170-240 kg (370–530 lbs. Around 40 years ago, more than 4,000 South China tigers existed. Bengal tigers live in India and are sometimes called Indian tigers. There are three subspecies of tigers that are now extinct. Three of The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion (Panthera leo) and a tigress, or female tiger (Panthera tigris). Tropical broadleaf evergreen forests, freshwater swamp forests and peat swamps. The largest of all cats, the tiger once occurred throughout central, eastern and southern Asia. 8 Tiger Species and Subspecies that are Extinct. As an example, a dolphin species name is Delphinus Delphis. Each species has its own unique characteristics and can be found in specific regions of the world. The common perception is that the Bengal tiger is the second largest huge cat that may be found anywhere in the world. It was one of the three Indonesian tiger subspecies: the Javan tiger, the Bali tiger, and the Sumatran tiger. About WWF. Eco-tourism has benefitted native communities. They live primarily in southeastern Russia. As per the WWF, the South China tiger is functionally extinct, since around 47 of these tigers live in 18 zoos. Sunda tigers are distinguished by heavy black stripes on their orange coats. Apr 30, 2022 · Tiger Salamander Diet. They’re one of the biggest cat species in the world. After a century of decline, tiger numbers are on the rise. The tiger is the largest of all cat species, belonging to the genus Panthera and classified in the family Felidae. The white tiger is a result of a rare genetic mutation and the most efficient way to breed them is by using two tigers who have the recessive genes needed to produce offspring with a white coat. 55 m (7 ft 3 in to 8 ft 4 in) in head-to-body length, with the greatest skull length of 295 to 335 mm (11. ); female Caspian tigers had a body length of 240-260 cm (94–102 inches) and weighed 85-135 kg (187–298 lbs. The Sumatran Jan 28, 2022 · A subspecies is a group within a species that is either physically or genetically different from the rest. It has been observed reaching speeds of up to 40 miles per hour (64 kilometers per hour). 5m (11. [1] It is found in the Congo River system and Lake Tanganyika and is the largest member of the family Alestidae. Aside from the Javan Rhino, this includes: the Sunda Island Tiger, and the Tapanuli and Sumatran Orangutans. The largest tiger population can now be found in India, home to half of all remaining wild tigers. Mar 22, 2019 · The tiger was Bali's top wild predator, thus played a key role in maintaining the balance of other species on the island. Tiger sharks can achieve weights of 850-1,400 pounds and lengths of 10-14 feet. A Bengal tigress has an average length of around 8 feet and an average weight between 100 and 160 kg (220-350lbs). Males of the larger subspecies, the continental tiger May 27, 2024 · The names of animals are based in Latin and consist of two words. The most massive unconfirmed tiger shark was over 24 feet, but that value exceeds any other specimen and requires verification to accept as fact. 8 ft) in length. Historically they were called Siberian tigers but have since been renamed because they are currently found near the Amur River region of Russia, China and North Korea, not Siberia. They included the giant 660-pound, or … Nov 13, 2023 · Tiger Species: Did you know there are six different species of tigers? These include the Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan, Siberian, South China, and Sumatran tigers. Only an estimated 400 to 500 individual Sumatran tigers survive in the wild today. The Amur tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) is the largest living cat species, weighing up to 300 kg. The largest male Bengal tigers can grow up to about 3. The Asian tiger mosquito can carry dread diseases like Zika, and yellow and dengue fever. Sep 24, 2009 · The Endangered Tiger Tigers are native to much of Asia, from some of the coldest regions to the steamy rainforests of the Indonesian Islands. The only predators of Malayan tigers are humans, though sometimes these tigers clash and injure one another in territorial fights. The Javan Tiger is a now extinct subspecies of tiger that adapted and evolved to live on the island of Java in Indonesia. Variations do occur within each species. White tigers in captivity exist due to inbreeding. Rising sea levels are threatening critical tiger habitat, warming temperatures affect distribution of tree species which can impact tiger prey species, and there is an increased danger to ti gers and tiger habitat of extreme weather events, like flooding or forest fires. 5-10 feet) from the nose to the tip of the tail, while the average height of an adult human is around 1. The largest of all the Asian big cats, tigers rely primarily on sight and sound rather than smell for hunting. ). 5 feet long and weighs as much as 660 pounds. -ft. One of the most beautiful and iconic animals to walk the Earth, Bengal tigers are both regal and rare. Mar 19, 2024 · The approximately 3000 described species worldwide 48 are mostly concentrated in the tropical parts of the world, however; species of tiger beetles can be found on all continents except Antarctica Jun 8, 2024 · It is noted for its voracity and inveterate scavenging, as well as its reputation as a man-eater. Jul 28, 2021 · The tiger, Panthera tigris, is listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris [NCBI:txid74535]) is the species found all across the country except Thar desert region, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Kutch region. 2 to 2. Amongst all the subspecies of the tiger species, the Siberian tiger is the largest. (660 lbs. Jul 13, 2021 · 2. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger, as well as a number of extinct species. The remaining six subspecies include the Bengal, Indo-Chinese, South China, Amur, and Sumatran tigers. This method of organizing scientific names of animal species was developed by Carl Linnaeus in the 1700’s. About 4,500 tigers remain in the wild, but much more work is needed to protect this species that’s still vulnerable to extinction. CASPIAN TIGER (Panthera tigris virgata) It used to wander all over Central Asia all the way to China, but it became extinct a few decades ago. It’s the smallest of the tigers, possibly because it evolved on an isolated island habitat. The Siberian tiger, on the other hand, is the largest tiger subspecies but isn’t as fast as the Bengal tiger. There is a considerable diversity of species within the tiger moth family, Arctiidae, which comprises more than 11,000 known species spread across the globe. Mar 26, 2024 · The Bengal and Siberian tigers are considered to be the largest of them all. Amur tigers (also known as Siberian tigers) are the largest—males weigh up to 300 kilograms (660 pounds) and measure up to four metres (13 feet long) from their nose to the tip of their tail. Thus, possessing a tiger trophy became an aspiration for those who sought validation through material possessions. Size Matters: Tigers are the largest cats in the world! Adult male tigers can weigh Feb 1, 2022 · h. The male Siberian tiger weighs 320 kg (700 lb). Damai gave birth to a male Sumatran tiger cub on July 11, 2017. They are the most common tiger and There are two recognized subspecies of tiger*: the continental (Panthera tigris tigris) and the Sunda (Panthera tigris sondaica). There are nine subspecies or types of tigers, three of which are now extinct. Sumatran Tiger. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5. Much of this decline has occurred in the past decade. The Sumatran tiger is a population of the Sunda Island tiger subspecies found exclusively on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. They are adorned with vibrant colors such as white, yellow, orange, red, and black, often showcasing bold patterns like wide bands, tiger-like stripes, and leopard-like spots on their wings 1. They are the top predator in every ecosystem they inhabit. These elusive tigers can only be found in one corner of far-eastern Russia and have a Feb 28, 2018. A male Amur tiger can reach a total length of more than 3. The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and is critically endangered. The tiger shark is found worldwide in warm oceans, from the shoreline to the open sea. 5 metres (18 feet) long, it is grayish and patterned, when young, with dark spots and vertical bars. 5ft) and weight of 306kg (675 lbs. Often considered to be one of the biggest cats All five remaining tiger subspecies are at-risk, and many protection programs are in place. It is an umbrella specie and so it leads to habitat conservation. The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. It is an apex predator, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They had a length of 8. The number of tiger reserves has been increased from 9 to 54. Rarely, white tigers may have brown rather than black stripes. Continental tigers include Amur, Indochinese, South China, Caspian, Malayan, and Bengal tigers. Tiger beetles prefer habitats where they can run and fly in short bursts unobstructed by vegetation and are often found on sandy surfaces along ocean and lakeshores, on sand dunes, and on clay banks or woodland paths. The “snow tiger” morph has very faint stripes and reddish banding on the tail. DOI. The Sumatran tiger is one of the smallest tigers. They typically hunt alone and stalk prey. 5 feet or 13. With increased leadership from them—as well as support from conservation organizations, donors, and the communities who live in tiger territory—things are looking up for this culturally and ecologically significant species. The continental tiger’s habitat extends across Asia, from the Russian Far East to mangrove forests of the Sundarbans to the Lower Mekong. It is a large predator distinguished by the dark vertical stripes on dense reddish-brown or orangish-brown fur. Until the 20th Century there were nine tiger subspecies that probably numbered over 100,000 animals. Jan 3, 2024 · The Bengal tiger, found in India and Bangladesh, is commonly considered the fastest of all tiger species. Asiatic lions are lighter, but they still weigh Jun 21, 2024 · Bengal tiger cub ( Panthera tigris tigris) Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) are found in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal. The largest one on record is said to have weighed 70 kg (154 pounds). 8 feet long and weigh around 200 to 260 kg (440-570 lbs). The Tiger Salamander is a unique species of amphibian that has evolved a specialized diet to help it thrive in its natural habitat. However, all other tiger species weigh less than 430 pounds. Among the largest species of cats in the world, tigers are powerful hunters with The main reasons tigers are disappearing from our world are from poaching, illegal wildlife trade and habitat loss. As with all tigers, the white Bengal tiger's stripes are like fingerprints, with no two tigers having the same pattern. Their numbers reached an all-time low by the mid-2000s. Today, wild Bengal tigers only live in Oct 14, 2022 · Sadly, not all tiger species have made it into the 21st century. This rare tiger is one of the critically endangered species in the Red List of the IUCN. 6 mph; 2. Unlike other species of tiger, though, the Indochinese population continues to fall dramatically. /s for males and Jul 28, 2021 · Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni) Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) Unfortunately, the Sumatran tiger is the only extant species of the clade Panthera tigris sondaica. Aug 11, 2023 · Tigers were believed to possess mystical qualities and were revered as symbols of strength and courage. While conservation efforts for flagship species are typically well funded and tend to garner widespread public attention, the implementation of May 4, 2023 · Here, we’ll learn about the three subspecies of extinct types of tigers. Males measure between the pegs 2. The Sunda Island Tiger is the smallest of all tiger species. There are two recognized subspecies of tiger*: the continental (Panthera tigris tigris) and the Sunda (Panthera tigris sondaica). 165–308 pounds. Weight. Range: Eastern Russia, China, North Korea. Males are larger than females and may attain a shoulder height of about 1 meter (about 3 feet) and a length of about 2. (Image credit: INTI OCON / Contributor) The white tigers seen in some zoos are not a separate species or subspecies from orange tigers; rather, they are the result of a Apr 5, 2024 · In 2024, Latin America’s tiger cat, previously recognized as two species, was determined by scientists to be three species — a taxonomic reshuffling that has major conservation implications There are two recognized subspecies of tiger*: the continental (Panthera tigris tigris) and the Sunda (Panthera tigris sondaica). American Tiger Fish – Distinguished by their silvery stripes, these fast-growing fish are usually the easiest kind to obtain and are particularly hardy. Habitats. Today, approximately 5,600 live in a mere five per cent of their historic range. hs gk wa vt ze ja tl ne jt vr